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Quantitative Finance · Glosario

¿Qué es Change of measure?

También llamado: equivalent measures · Radon--Nikodym derivative · density process

Definition 1.14 Quantitative Methods · Capítulo 1 — Probability at Speed

Two probability measures P\P and Q\mathbb Q on (Ω,F)(\Omega, \mathcal F) are equivalent measures if they have the same null sets. A change of measure from P\P to an equivalent Q\mathbb Q is described by the Radon–Nikodym derivative Z=dQ/dPZ = d\mathbb Q/d\P, the almost surely unique positive random variable with Q(A)=E[Z1A]\mathbb Q(A) = \E[Z\mathbf 1_A] for all A∈FA \in \mathcal F; then EQ[X]=E[ZX]\E^{\mathbb Q}[X] = \E[ZX]. Along a filtration, the density process is Zt=Et[Z]Z_t = \E_t[Z], the Radon–Nikodym derivative of Q\mathbb Q restricted to Ft\mathcal F_t.

Ejemplos

Example 1.16 (Shifting a Gaussian, and seeing a far tail)

Let X∼N(0,1)X \sim \mathcal N(0, 1) under P\P and Z=exp⁡(cX−c2/2)Z = \exp(cX - c^2/2). Then EQ[eiuX]=E[e(c+iu)X−c2/2]=eiuc−u2/2\E^{\mathbb Q}[e^{\iu uX}] = \E[e^{(c + \iu u)X - c^2/2}] = e^{\iu uc - u^2/2}: under Q\mathbb Q, X∼N(c,1)X \sim \mathcal N(c, 1). The change of measure has moved the mean without touching the shape. Run it backwards to estimate p=P(X>4)=3.17×10−5p = \P(X > 4) = 3.17 \times 10^{-5}: sample Y∼N(4,1)Y \sim \mathcal N(4, 1) and average e−4Y+81{Y>4}e^{-4Y + 8}\mathbf 1_{\{Y > 4\}}, the indicator reweighted by dP/dQd\P/d\mathbb Q. With 100 000 draws, plain sampling sees three exceedances and has a standard error of 1.7×10−51.7 \times 10^{-5}, half the answer; the reweighted estimate has a standard error of 2.1×10−72.1 \times 10^{-7}, eighty times smaller. Chapter 26 turns this into importance sampling, and chapter 5 does the same computation for whole Brownian paths.

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