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1 Primary & Middle School Mathematics1–9 年级在线 2 High School Mathematics10–12 年级在线 3 University Mathematics — Year 1本科一年级在线 4 University Mathematics — Year 2本科二年级在线 5 University Mathematics — Year 3本科三年级在线

1 Primary & Middle School Physics1–9 年级在线 2 High School Physics10–12 年级在线 3 University Physics — Year 1本科一年级在线 4 University Physics — Year 2本科二年级在线 5 University Physics — Year 3本科三年级在线

1 School Chemistry — Grades 1 to 121–12 年级在线 2 University Chemistry — Year 1本科一年级在线 3 University Chemistry — Year 2本科二年级在线 4 University Chemistry — Year 3本科三年级在线

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1 Primary & Middle School Earth and Space Sciences1–9 年级在线 2 High School Earth and Space Sciences10–12 年级在线 3 University Earth and Space Sciences — Year 1本科一年级在线 4 University Earth and Space Sciences — Year 2本科二年级在线 5 University Earth and Space Sciences — Year 3本科三年级在线

1 Markets I: The Ecosystem and Exchange-Traded Markets市场在线 2 Markets II: Rates, FX and Credit市场在线 3 Markets III: Commodities, Energy and Crypto市场在线 4 Quantitative Methods方法在线 5 Derivatives and Volatility衍生品在线 6 Rates, Credit, XVA and Risk利率、信用与风险在线 7 Research Craft: Predictors, Backtests, Measurement, Portfolios研究在线 8 Strategies I: Equities and Futures策略在线 9 Strategies II: Volatility, Relative Value, Macro and the Bank Desks策略在线 10 Microstructure and Execution交易执行在线 11 Market Making and High-Frequency Trading做市在线 12 Machine Learning for Markets机器学习在线 13 Low-Latency Software技术在线 14 Networks, Hardware and Trading Infrastructure技术在线 15 Research, Data and Risk Platforms技术在线 16 The Desk and the Firm公司运营在线 17 The Industry: Firms, Roles and Careers职业发展在线 18 Interviews I: Maths, Probability and Speed职业发展在线 19 Interviews II: Markets, Trading Games and the Final Round职业发展在线 20 Interviews III: Code职业发展在线

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Earth and Space Sciences · 术语表

什么是 Normal stress？

Definition 16.1 University Earth and Space Sciences — Year 1 · 第 16 章 — Stress, Strain and Rheology

On a plane through a point of a rock, the force per unit area that the rock on one side exerts on the other has a component along the normal to the plane, the normal stress $\sigma_n$ , and a component along the plane, the shear stress $\tau$ . In the Earth sciences the normal stress is counted positive when it compresses.

The balance of forces on a small triangular prism of rock. The inclined face has the area A and the unit normal n; the vertical and horizontal faces have the areas A and A. Blue: the normal forces on the two small faces; orange: the shear forces on them; red: the normal and shear forces on the inclined face. Compression is counted positive, so every normal force points into the prism. — The balance of forces on a small triangular prism of rock. The inclined face has the area $A$ and the unit normal $\vec n$ ; the vertical and horizontal faces have the areas $A\cos\theta$ and $A\sin\theta$ . Blue: the normal forces on the two small faces; orange: the shear forces on them; red: the normal and shear forces on the inclined face. Compression is counted positive, so every normal force points into the prism.

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