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每个术语，都有定义
Earth and Space Sciences术语表
书中的 957 个术语，逐字引用，每个都链接到对应的章节。
#
A
- Absolute magnitude, distance modulus
- Accommodation
- Accretionary prism, tectonic erosion
- Achondrite, iron meteorite, stony-iron meteorite
- Active layer
- Active margin, oceanic trench, forearc, back-arc basin
- Activity diagram
- Actualism
- Adiabatic cooling; dry adiabatic rate
- AFM diagram
- Age model; annual layer counting
- Age of the Earth
- Age–elevation relationship
- Aggregate
- Aggregated fractional melt
- Air mass
- Air parcel
- Airmass, atmospheric extinction coefficient
- Albedo
- Alpha element
- Alpha-95
- Altitude and sea level
- Aluminium saturation index
- Aluminosilicate polymorphs
- Amphidromic point; cotidal line; co-range line
- Anatexis
- Andesite; diorite; rhyolite
- Annual parallax, parsec
- Anticline and syncline
- Apparent dip
- Apparent magnitude, photometric band
- Apparent polar wander; apparent polar wander path
- Apparent resistivity; electrode array; vertical electrical sounding; electrical resistivity tomography
- Aquifer
- Argon–argon dating, J factor, age spectrum, plateau age
- Asteroid, comet, trans-Neptunian object
- Atmospheric angular momentum; Held–Hou model
- Atmospheric blocking
- Atmospheric correction
- Atmospheric sounding
- Atmospheric window
- Attribution
- Available potential energy
B
- b-value, magnitude of completeness
- Backstripping
- Balanced cross-section
- Banded iron formation 2 条定义
- Baroclinic instability
- Barotropic and baroclinic fluids
- Barrovian zones; metamorphic field gradient
- Basal drag
- Basal sliding
- Base level and knickpoint
- Batholith
- Beach, longshore drift and spit
- Bed shear stress, shear velocity
- Bedform, ripple, dune
- Bimodal volcanism
- Biozone, index fossil, first appearance datum
- Birefringence (of a mineral)
- Bisiallitisation, monosiallitisation, allitisation
- Bjerknes feedback
- Blocking temperature
- Blueschist; eclogite
- Body fossil; trace fossil
- Bond albedo
- Borehole log, correlation
- Bouma sequence
- Boundary stratotype, unit stratotype, GSSP
- Boussinesq approximation
- Bowen’s reaction series
- Bracketing age
- Braided and meandering rivers
- Branching decay
- Brightness temperature
- Budyko–Sellers model
- Buffer; overlay
- Building stone
- Bulk silicate Earth, primitive mantle
- Buoyancy frequency
C
- Calcareous ooze, siliceous ooze
- Caldera
- Carbon isotope excursion
- Carbonate factory
- Carbonate ramp and rimmed shelf
- Cementation, cement
- Cepheid variable; Leavitt law
- Channel steepness and concavity indices
- Checkerboard test
- Chemical weathering
- Chert
- Chi analysis
- Chondrite, carbonaceous chondrite, chondrule, CAI
- Chondritic uniform reservoir
- Chronostratigraphic and geochronologic units
- CI chondrite
- Circumpolar star
- Clapeyron slope
- Classes of folds
- Clay mineral
- Clay mineral, kaolinite, illite, smectite, chlorite
- Cleavage; fracture
- Cliff
- Climate
- Climate archive; climate proxy
- Climate archive; proxy
- Climate change
- Climate chart
- Climate feedback
- Climate feedback parameter
- Climate zones
- Closed system
- Closure temperature, cooling age
- Cloud and fog
- Cloud families
- Clumped isotopes
- Coal; coalification; rank
- Collision orogen; Andean-type orogen
- Colour index
- Common midpoint, fold
- Compaction, decompaction
- Compass rose
- Compositional zoning
- Concentration factor
- Concordia, discordia, intercepts, Tera–Wasserburg diagram
- Condensation level
- Condensation nucleus
- Condensation temperature, condensation sequence
- Condensed section and incised valley
- Conditional instability
- Cone of depression
- Confined and unconfined aquifers; aquitard
- Contact aureole and its rocks
- Contact metamorphism; regional metamorphism; aureole
- Continent
- Continental collision
- Continental crust
- Continental drift
- Continental growth
- Continental rift, graben, half-graben
- Contour line and contour interval
- Convection cell
- Convective available potential energy; convective inhibition
- Core–mantle boundary; inner-core boundary
- Coriolis parameter
- Cosmogenic nuclide, exposure age, production rate
- Coulomb failure criterion
- Crater dating; production and chronology functions; equilibrium density
- Crater size–frequency distribution
- Craton 2 条定义
- Critical hillslope gradient
- Critical Rayleigh number
- Critical taper
- Cross-bedding, palaeocurrent
- Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
- Crustal growth curve
- Crustal thickening
- Cryovolcanism
- Crystallographic preferred orientation
- Cumulate; layered intrusion
- Cyclone, anticyclone
- Cyclostratigraphy and astronomical tuning
D
- Daily-mean insolation
- Damped least squares, trade-off curve
- Dark-matter halo
- Darwin point
- Data misfit
- Décollement
- Deformation mechanism map
- Delta
- Dendroclimatology; cross-dating
- Density-wave theory
- Denudation rate 2 条定义
- Depleted mantle, enriched mantle
- Deposition
- Depositional sequence and sequence boundary
- Depression and anticyclone
- Desert
- Detachment fault, listric fault, rollover anticline
- Detachment-limited and transport-limited incision
- Detection; attribution; climate fingerprint
- Detrital rock; diagenesis
- Deuterium excess
- Dew point
- Diachronous boundary
- Diagenesis
- Diapir, level of neutral buoyancy, stoping
- Digital elevation model
- Direct imaging; coronagraph
- Discharge
- Discrimination diagram
- Dislocation
- Dissolved load, suspended load, bed load
- Domino faulting
- Drainage basin; drainage divide
- Drought
- Dune
- Dyke; sill; pluton
- Dynamic melting
- Dynamic method
- Dynamical form factor
E
- Eady model
- Early warning system
- Earth system model
- Earth’s energy imbalance; climate feedback parameter
- Earthquake
- Effective radiative forcing
- Effusive and explosive eruptions
- Effusive and explosive eruptions, fragmentation
- Ekman depth; Ekman pumping
- Ekman layer, Ekman transport, Ekman spiral
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation; El Niño; La Niña; Southern Oscillation
- Elastic rebound, seismic cycle, recurrence interval
- Electron microprobe, wavelength-dispersive spectrometry
- Energy budget
- Energy-balance model
- Environmental and dry adiabatic lapse rates
- Environmental lapse rate
- Epeiric sea
- Epsilon notation
- Equation of state of seawater; haline contraction coefficient; density anomaly
- Equator and hemisphere
- Equatorial coordinates
- Equilibrium and fractional crystallisation
- Equilibrium climate sensitivity 2 条定义
- Equilibrium temperature 2 条定义
- Equilibrium tide; tidal constituent
- Equivalent potential temperature
- Equivalent water height
- Era and geological period
- Erosion
- Erosional isostatic rebound
- Eruption column
- Eruption, lava and volcanic ash
- Eruptive styles
- Euler pole; Euler vector
- Eustasy, relative sea level
- Evaporite, evaporation sequence, sabkha
- Exceedance probability
- Exhumation; exhumation rate
- Exobase; exosphere
- Exoplanet
- Extension, stretch, shear strain
- Extinction position, extinction angle
- Extratropical cyclone; polar-front model; cyclogenesis
F
- f-plane and β-plane
- Facies association and facies succession
- Facies model
- Factor of safety, debris flow
- Faint young Sun problem 2 条定义
- Fast-, slow- and ultraslow-spreading ridges
- Fault
- Fault throw, heave
- Fault-bend, fault-propagation and detachment folds
- Fertile and residual mantle
- Field station, field notebook
- Finite rotation
- Finite strain analysis, Fry method
- Firn; pore close-off
- First-order sea-level cycle
- Fission-track dating, track annealing
- Flank collapse; debris avalanche; slump
- Flat-slab subduction
- Flexural parameter, forebulge
- Flood and floodplain
- Flood frequency curve
- Flow law, stress exponent, homologous temperature
- Flow net
- Flower structure
- Fluid-present and dehydration melting
- Flux, luminosity
- Focal mechanism, nodal plane, auxiliary plane, P axis, T axis
- Focus and epicentre
- Fold–thrust belt
- Fold; anticline; syncline; fold axis
- Foliation, schistosity, slaty cleavage, axial-planar cleavage
- Foliation; schistosity
- Foreland basin; flysch; molasse
- Formation, member, group
- Forward problem, inverse problem
- Fossil
- Fossil groundwater
- Free-fall time
- Fresnel zone
- Fringing reef; barrier reef; atoll
- Front
- Frontal accretion, tectonic underplating
- Frontal surface; stationary front; occluded front
G
- G-dwarf problem
- Gabbro
- Galactic chemical evolution
- Galactic coordinates
- Galactic disc, thick disc, bulge and stellar halo
- Gangue
- General circulation model; dynamical core; parameterisation
- Geochemical anomaly
- Geochemical reference material
- Geodesy
- Geodynamo
- Geoid; geoid height
- Geological COX2 storage, trapping mechanisms, storage efficiency factor
- Geological cross-section, topographic profile, vertical exaggeration
- Geological hazard, exposure, disaster risk
- Geological map
- Geological time scale
- Geomagnetic excursion
- Geopotential
- Georeferencing
- Geostrophic balance, geostrophic wind
- Geotherm
- Geotherm; geothermal gradient
- Geothermal energy
- Geothermal system, heat in place, enthalpy classes, EGS
- Geothermometer; geobarometer; exchange reaction; net-transfer reaction
- Gibbs energy minimisation
- Gibbs energy–composition diagram
- Glacial buzzsaw
- Glacial erosion law
- Glacial isostatic adjustment, mantle viscosity
- Glacial period; interglacial; glacial cycle
- Glacial period; interglacial; glacial termination
- Glacier
- Global circulation of the atmosphere
- Global warming
- Globe
- Goldschmidt classification
- Grade–tonnage curve
- Gradient wind
- Grain-size scale, phi scale
- Granite typology
- Granodiorite
- Gravitational collapse
- Gravitational microlensing; Einstein radius
- Gravity anomalies
- Great circle, spherical triangle
- Great Oxidation Event 2 条定义
- Greenhouse and icehouse climate states
- Greenstone belt; komatiite
- Ground-penetrating radar; radargram
- Grounding line; calving
- Groundwater
- Gyre; subtropical and subpolar gyres
H
- Habit
- Habitable zone
- Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic
- Hadley, Ferrel and polar cells; subtropical high
- Half and full spreading rates
- Half-space cooling model
- Hanging wall, footwall, slip vector, net slip, rake
- Hardness and the Mohs scale
- Harker diagram
- Hazard map
- Head wave, crossover distance
- Heat flow 2 条定义
- Heat-pipe volcanism
- Heat-production depth scale; reduced heat flow
- Hillslope diffusion
- Hinge, hinge line, limb, axial plane, interlimb angle, cylindrical fold
- Hjulström diagram
- Horizontal coordinates
- Hot Jupiter; super-Earth; sub-Neptune
- Hotspot 2 条定义
- Hotspot track
- Hotspot track; age progression
- Hubble sequence; elliptical, lenticular, spiral and irregular galaxies
- Hubble tension
- Hummocky cross-stratification
- Hydraulic head; hydraulic gradient
- Hydrodynamic dispersion; dispersivity
- Hydrodynamic, non-thermal and diffusion-limited escape
- Hydrograph; baseflow; lag time
- Hydrolysis
- Hydrolysis of a silicate
- Hydrostatic approximation
- Hydrothermal circulation; black smoker
- Hydrothermal fluid and hydrothermal deposit types
- Hydrous melting
- Hyperthermal event; Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
- Hypsometric curve 2 条定义
I
- Ice age
- Ice core
- Ice sheet, ice shelf and iceberg
- Ice stream
- Ice-volume effect
- Ice–albedo feedback
- Ichnofacies
- Incongruent melting, peritectic point
- Index mineral; isograd; metamorphic grade
- Induced seismicity
- Inertial oscillation
- Infiltration
- Insolation 2 条定义
- Intensity
- Interference colour, order, Michel-Lévy chart
- Internally consistent thermodynamic dataset
- International date line
- International Geomagnetic Reference Field
- Interstellar medium, interstellar dust
- Intertropical convergence zone
- Intracratonic, rift and passive-margin basins
- Intrusive bodies
- Invariant point
- Ionic potential
- Ionic substitution, coupled substitution
- Isobar
- Isochron
- Isochron, initial ratio
- Isostasy; compensation depth 2 条定义
- Isostatic rebound
- Isostatic relaxation time
- Isotope reference standard
- Isotopic difference
- Isotropic and anisotropic minerals
J
K
L
- Lagerstätte
- Lahar
- Landforms
- Landscape
- Landslide
- Large ensemble; emergent constraint
- Large igneous province
- Large-ion lithophile and high-field-strength elements
- Last Glacial Maximum
- Latent and sensible heat fluxes; Bowen ratio
- Latent heat; sensible heat
- Lateral extrusion
- Laterite 2 条定义
- Latitude and longitude
- Lava dome
- Legend
- Leucogranite
- Level of free convection; equilibrium level
- Lidar
- Life and death assemblages; autochthonous and allochthonous fossils
- Lifting condensation level
- Lightning
- Limb darkening
- Lineation, intersection lineation, stretching lineation
- Liquid line of descent
- Lithosphere, asthenosphere, low-velocity zone
- Lithosphere; asthenosphere
- Lithospheric delamination
- Lithospheric flexure, flexural rigidity, effective elastic thickness
- Lithostatic pressure
- Lithostatic pressure, pore-fluid pressure, effective stress
- Local Group; galaxy cluster
- Local standard of rest
- Locking depth
- Long-term carbon cycle; carbonate–silicate cycle
- Longitude of perihelion; climatic precession
- Love number
- Low-velocity zone
- Lustre
- Lysocline, carbonate compensation depth
M
- Mafic underplating
- Mafic; intermediate; felsic
- Magma 2 条定义
- Magma chamber
- Magma mixing; crustal assimilation; AFC
- Magmatic series
- Magmatic volatiles
- Magnetic anomaly
- Magnetic inclination
- Magnetic reversal; normal and reversed polarity
- Magnetostratigraphy
- Magnitude
- Main geomagnetic field; geocentric axial dipole
- Mantle adiabat
- Mantle end-member
- Mantle plume
- Mantle potential temperature
- Mantle transition zone
- Map
- Map algebra
- Map projection
- Marine ice-sheet instability
- Marine magnetic anomaly; polarity chron; polarity timescale
- Marine transgression; marine regression
- Mass balance; accumulation and ablation zones; equilibrium line
- Mass-dependent and mass-independent fractionation
- Mass–radius relation
- Maturation; oil window; gas window
- Maxwell time
- Mean grain size, sorting
- Mean meridional streamfunction
- Mean orientation (vector mean)
- Mean square of weighted deviates
- Meander
- Mechanisms of creep
- Melt fraction
- Meridian, longitude and prime meridian
- Meridional heat transport
- Meridional overturning circulation; thermohaline circulation; deep-water formation
- Metallicity
- Metamorphic core complex, rolling hinge
- Metamorphic facies; facies grid
- Metamorphic reaction; devolatilisation reaction
- Metamorphic series; paired metamorphic belts
- Metamorphism
- Metamorphism; protolith
- Metapelite; metabasite
- Meteorite, meteorite fall, meteorite find
- Mg/Ca ratio (proxy)
- Mid-ocean ridge basalt, ocean island basalt
- Mid-Pleistocene transition
- Migmatite and its parts
- Migration
- Milankovitch parameters
- Mineral 2 条定义
- Mineral assemblage
- Mineral dissolution rate law
- Mineral–melt partition coefficient; compatible and incompatible elements
- Mixed layer
- Mixed layer, thermocline, halocline, pycnocline
- Modal analysis, point counting
- Modal composition; QAPF diagram
- Mode of climate variability; climate index; climatology
- Model age
- Model intercomparison project
- Model resolution matrix
- Moho
- Molecular cloud, dense core
- Moment magnitude
- Moment-of-inertia factor
- Monsoon
- Mountain range
- Mountain root
- Multiple climate equilibria; saddle-node bifurcation
- Multispectral and hyperspectral sensors
N
- Nappe
- Nappe; nappe stack
- Natural and built parts
- Natural disaster
- Natural hazard
- Natural, thermal, detrital and chemical remanent magnetisation
- Net radiation; radiative surplus and deficit
- Net-to-gross ratio
- Neutron capture; s process; r process
- Neutron-star merger; kilonova
- Niño-3.4 index; Oceanic Niño Index
- Non-modal melting
- Normal and forced regression
- Normal fault
- Normal gravity
- Normal stress
- Normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip and oblique-slip faults
- Normalised diagram
- Normalised difference vegetation index
- North Atlantic Oscillation
- Numerical scale and scale bar
- Numerical weather prediction; data assimilation; ensemble forecast; predictability limit
- Nusselt number
O
- Obduction; continental subduction
- Occurrence rate
- Ocean and sea
- Ocean current and gyre
- Ocean gateway
- Ocean-floor metamorphism; serpentinisation
- Oceanic anoxic event
- Oceanic crust, pillow lava, sheeted dyke complex
- Oceanic crust; oceanic lithosphere
- Oceanic island; stages of growth
- Open and closed carbonate systems
- Ophiolite
- Ophiolite; Penrose ophiolite sequence
- Ophitic texture, granoblastic texture
- Optic axis, uniaxial and biaxial minerals
- Ore deposit
- Ore deposit and concentration factor
- Ore grade, cut-off grade, tonnage
- Ore-deposit types
- Organic carbon burial fraction
- Orientation tensor
- Oriented sample
- Orogen
- Orogenic plateau
- Outgassing; primitive atmosphere
- Outgoing longwave radiation
- Ozone layer
P
- p nuclei
- P wave; S wave
- P–T path; prograde and retrograde paths; peak metamorphic conditions
- P–T–t path
- Palaeoenvironment
- Palaeogeography; palaeogeographic map
- Palaeolatitude; virtual geomagnetic pole
- Palaeopiezometer
- Palaeostress, Wallace–Bott hypothesis, stress ratio, fault-slip inversion
- Palaeothermometry, palaeotemperature equation
- Parallel and latitude
- Parasequence and flooding surface
- Parent isotope, radiogenic daughter
- Parent rock; saprolite
- Partial melting; decompression melting
- Partial, decompression and flux melting
- Passive margin, ocean–continent transition, break-up unconformity
- Pebble and gravel
- Peneplain
- Peridotite
- Peridotite and its kinds
- Periodogram
- Permafrost
- Permeability
- Petroleum system
- Petrologic type
- Phenocryst; porphyritic
- Physical map
- Physical weathering, chemical weathering
- Pi-diagram, beta-axis
- Placer
- Plan
- Planck response; water-vapour, lapse-rate and cloud feedbacks
- Planetary differentiation
- Planetary habitability
- Planetesimal, planetary embryo
- Plate boundary
- Plate cooling model
- Plate tectonics
- Pleochroism
- Plume buoyancy flux
- Polarising microscope, plane-polarised light, crossed polars
- Pole
- Poleward heat transport
- Pollen analysis
- Polymorph 2 条定义
- Porosity
- Porphyroblast, poikiloblast, inclusion trail, corona
- Potential temperature
- Potential vorticity
- Precipitation
- Pressure-gradient force
- Prevention
- Primary magma
- Principal stresses, differential stress
- Principle of cross-cutting relationships
- Principle of fossil succession
- Principle of inclusion
- Principle of superposition
- Principles of stratigraphy
- Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, ground-motion prediction equation, peak ground acceleration, hazard curve
- Protoplanetary disc
- Protostar
- Proxy calibration
- Pseudosection, isopleth, effective bulk composition
- Pull-apart basin
- Pure shear, simple shear
- Pyroclastic density currents
- Pyroclastic flow
Q
R
- Radar interferometry; interferogram; line of sight
- Radial-velocity method; minimum mass
- Radiative forcing
- Radiative–convective equilibrium
- Radiocarbon age, calibration curve
- Radiogenic heat production 2 条定义
- Radiogenic isotope tracer
- Radius valley
- Rain gauge
- Rainforest
- Ramp, flat, duplex, out-of-sequence thrust
- Rare earth elements
- Raster and vector data
- Rate factor (ice)
- Ratio–ratio diagram
- Ray parameter, turning point
- Rayleigh number
- Rayleigh wave, Love wave
- Reaction-path model
- Recovery factor
- Recovery, subgrain, dynamic recrystallisation
- Red beds
- Reef, carbonate platform, ooid
- Reference Earth model 2 条定义
- Reference ellipsoid
- Reference ellipsoid and flattening
- Reflection terminations
- Reflectivity series
- Refractory and volatile elements
- Regional isostatic compensation
- Relative dating and absolute age
- Relative gravimeter; instrumental drift
- Relative motion; absolute motion
- Relative, planetary and absolute vorticity
- Relief
- Relief, Becke line
- Remaining carbon budget
- Remanent magnetisation; Curie temperature
- Remote sensing and satellite image
- Renewable fresh water
- Reserve
- Reservoir rock; seal
- Residence time
- Restraining bend, releasing bend
- Resurfacing
- Retardation (in a crystal plate)
- Retardation factor
- Return period 2 条定义
- Reverse fault; thrust
- Rheology, brittle and ductile behaviour
- Riedel shear
- Rigid plate 2 条定义
- Risk
- River-, wave- and tide-dominated deltas
- Rock and bedrock
- Rock cycle
- Rock-forming silicates
- Rocky planets and giant planets
- Rossby and Ekman numbers
- Rossby radius of deformation
- Rossby wave; upper-level trough and ridge
- Rotation curve; Oort constants
- Runaway greenhouse; runaway greenhouse limit; moist greenhouse
S
- Saffir–Simpson scale
- Salinity
- Salt water and fresh water
- Sand and mud
- Satellite gravimetry
- Satellite positioning
- Saturated adiabatic lapse rate; moist adiabat
- Saturation index
- Saturation; relative humidity
- Scale
- Scenario and projection
- Schreinemakers analysis
- Sea breeze and land breeze
- Sea ice
- Sea-ice extent
- Sea-level budget; thermosteric sea-level rise
- Sea-level equivalent
- Seafloor spreading
- Seamount; guyot
- Section restoration, pin line, kink-band method
- Secular cooling 2 条定义
- Secular variation
- Sediment
- Sediment load
- Sedimentary basin 2 条定义
- Sedimentary facies, depositional environment
- Sedimentary layer
- Seeing
- Seepage velocity
- Seismic discontinuity
- Seismic discontinuity, Moho, core–mantle and inner-core boundaries
- Seismic migration
- Seismic moment
- Seismic parameter
- Seismic refraction and reflection surveys
- Seismic stratigraphy, seismic facies
- Seismic tomography, travel-time residual
- Seismic wavelet, Ricker wavelet
- Seismometer and seismogram
- Settling velocity
- Shadow zone
- Shallow-ice approximation
- Shared Socioeconomic Pathway
- Shear zone, strain softening
- Shields parameter, threshold of motion
- Shoreface and wave bases
- Shoreline trajectory
- Short-lived radionuclide
- Shortening
- Sidereal time
- Silica saturation
- Silicate-weathering thermostat
- Silicate; silicon–oxygen tetrahedron
- Simple-shear rift model
- Site-mixing activity model
- Slab
- Slab pull; ridge push
- Slickenside, slickenlines, fault rocks
- Snow line
- Snowball Earth; cap carbonate
- Soil production function
- Solar abundance; dex
- Solar nebula
- Solar time
- Solid solution, end-member
- Solvus, exsolution
- Source rock; kerogen
- Source, mouth and tributary
- Spatial, spectral and radiometric resolution; revisit time
- Specific discharge; hydraulic conductivity; intrinsic permeability
- Spectral signature
- Speleothem; varve
- Spin-up
- Spreading rate
- Spring and well
- Stable air; unstable air
- Stacking (seismic)
- Stacking, root-mean-square and interval velocities
- Stagnant lid
- Standard atmosphere
- Standard candle; distance ladder
- Static stability; temperature inversion
- Steady-state river profile
- Stellar population
- Stellar yield
- Stepwise demagnetisation
- Stereographic projection, equal-angle net, equal-area projection, pole
- Stock; flux
- Stommel–Arons model
- Storm
- Storm surge
- Strain ellipse
- Stratification
- Stream-power law
- Strength envelope, brittle–ductile transition, seismogenic layer
- Stretching model; stretching factor; syn-rift and post-rift subsidence
- Strike, dip and dip direction
- Stromatolite
- Structural formula, Mg number
- Structural reactivation
- Structure contour, structure-contour map
- Subducting slab
- Subduction; subduction zone
- Submarine fan
- Subsidence curve
- Subsidence, tectonic subsidence
- Subsurface ocean
- Supercontinent
- Supercontinent; supercontinent cycle
- Supergene enrichment, gossan
- Supermassive black hole
- Supersaturation; cloud condensation nucleus
- Supervised classification; confusion matrix
- Surface-wave dispersion
- Suture
- Synthetic-aperture radar; radar backscatter
- Systems tract
T
- T Tauri star, bipolar outflow
- T–S diagram; water mass
- Taphonomy; preservation potential
- Tectonic plate
- Teleconnection
- Temperature anomaly
- Temperature, amount and continental effects
- Tephra and pyroclasts
- Ternary phase diagram, cotectic line, ternary eutectic
- Terrain correction
- Terrane; microcontinent
- Terrestrial and giant planets
- Textural maturity, compositional maturity
- Texture
- The celestial sphere
- The ecliptic
- The global winds
- The layers of the atmosphere
- The layers of the Earth
- The main mineral groups
- The parts of the ocean floor
- The silicate classes
- The three rock families
- Thermal boundary layer, thermal lithosphere
- Thermal convection; mantle convection
- Thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, multi-collector ICP-MS, mass bias
- Thermal Péclet number
- Thermal subsidence
- Thermochronology, thermochronometer
- Thermocline; halocline; pycnocline; deep ocean
- Thermodynamic diagram; skew-T log-p diagram; tephigram
- Thin section
- Thin section; polarising microscope
- Thin-skinned and thick-skinned tectonics
- Thunderstorm
- Tidal heating
- Time zone
- Tip of the red giant branch
- Tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite suite
- Topographic map
- Topographic steady state
- Tornado
- Total alkali–silica diagram
- Total-field anomaly; diurnal correction; reduction to the pole
- Trace element
- Trade winds, westerlies
- Transfer zone
- Transform fault, fracture zone
- Transgressive and maximum flooding surfaces
- Transient climate response
- Transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions
- Transient crater, simple crater, complex crater, ejecta blanket
- Transit method; transit depth; impact parameter
- Transit-timing variation
- Transmission spectroscopy; secondary eclipse
- Transmissivity; storativity; specific yield
- Transpression, transtension
- Trap
- Travel time; travel-time curve
- Travel-time table
- Trend and plunge
- Triangulation
- Triple junction; stable triple junction
- Tropical cyclone; eye; eyewall
- Tropical year
- Tropics and polar circles
- True polar wander
- True thickness, vertical thickness
- Tsunami
- Tsunami run-up
- Tully–Fisher relation
- Tuning thickness
- Turbidity current, turbidite, graded bed
- Twin, polysynthetic twinning
- Two-layer energy-balance model
U
V
W
- Wadati–Benioff zone 2 条定义
- Walker circulation
- Warm-rain process; ice-crystal process
- Water in a landscape
- Water table
- Water–rock ratio
- Weather
- Weather chart
- Weather forecast
- Weather station
- Weathering
- Weathering regimes
- Western boundary current
- Western intensification; Stommel model; Munk boundary layer
- Wilson cycle
- Wind stress
- Wind vane
- Wireline logs
- World map