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Quantitative Finance · शब्दावली

Layer-1 switch, fan-out, multiplexer क्या है?

अन्य नाम: layer-1 switch · layer-1 fan-out · layer-1 multiplexer

Definition 2.4 Networks, Hardware and Trading Infrastructure · अध्याय 2 — Switches and Layer-1 Devices

A layer-1 switch connects ports at the level of the electrical or optical signal: it regenerates the bits of one input on the outputs configured for it without decoding frames, so it neither reads addresses nor queues. A layer-1 fan-out is a configuration that copies one input to several outputs at once. A layer-1 multiplexer merges the frames of several inputs onto one output; unlike a fan-out it must recognise frame boundaries and hold a frame that arrives while another is being sent.

Latency each device adds to a frame at 10\, G bit/ s, egress idle, by frame size. Only the store-and-forward switch grows with the frame (its internal time of 500\, n s is a model value); the others use the data-sheet figures of . Data: fig_cage.py. — Figure 2.2. Latency each device adds to a frame at $10\,\mathrm{G}\mathrm{bit}/\mathrm{s}$ , egress idle, by frame size. Only the store-and-forward switch grows with the frame (its internal time of $500\,\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}$ is a model value); the others use the data-sheet figures of Box 2.1. Data: fig_cage.py.

उदाहरण

Example 2.6 (Two servers, one handoff)

A 100-byte order occupies $96\,\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}$ of line time at $10\,\mathrm{G}\mathrm{bit}/\mathrm{s}$ . If two of the firm’s servers answer the same market event with delays of standard deviation $50\,\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}$ , the second order waits with probability $2\Phi(96/70.7) - 1 = 0.83$ . The firm’s own servers are competing with each other at the multiplexer at the moment that matters most, and the one whose response was faster by a few nanoseconds is the one that goes first.

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