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1 Markets I: The Ecosystem and Exchange-Traded Marketsবাজার অনলাইন 2 Markets II: Rates, FX and Creditবাজার অনলাইন 3 Markets III: Commodities, Energy and Cryptoবাজার অনলাইন 4 Quantitative Methodsপদ্ধতি অনলাইন 5 Derivatives and Volatilityডেরিভেটিভস অনলাইন 6 Rates, Credit, XVA and Riskসুদহার, ঋণ ও ঝুঁকি অনলাইন 7 Research Craft: Predictors, Backtests, Measurement, Portfoliosগবেষণা অনলাইন 8 Strategies I: Equities and Futuresকৌশল অনলাইন 9 Strategies II: Volatility, Relative Value, Macro and the Bank Desksকৌশল অনলাইন 10 Microstructure and Executionএক্সিকিউশন অনলাইন 11 Market Making and High-Frequency Tradingমার্কেট মেকিং অনলাইন 12 Machine Learning for Marketsমেশিন লার্নিং অনলাইন 13 Low-Latency Softwareপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 14 Networks, Hardware and Trading Infrastructureপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 15 Research, Data and Risk Platformsপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 16 The Desk and the Firmপ্রতিষ্ঠান অনলাইন 17 The Industry: Firms, Roles and Careersক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 18 Interviews I: Maths, Probability and Speedক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 19 Interviews II: Markets, Trading Games and the Final Roundক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 20 Interviews III: Codeক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন
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Earth and Space Sciences · পরিভাষা

Eruption column কী?

Definition 6.5 University Earth and Space Sciences — Year 2 · অধ্যায় 6 — Volcanic Eruptions

An eruption column is the ascending mass of gas and fragments above an explosive vent. It has three parts: a jet, or gas-thrust region, in which the mixture leaves the vent fast but denser than the air and rises on its momentum; a convective region, in which the mixture, having engulfed and heated enough air to become lighter than its surroundings, rises by buoyancy; and an umbrella cloud, which spreads sideways at the level where the column’s density equals that of the atmosphere.

Anatomy of an eruption column (schematic, not to scale). On the right the column rises through its three regions and the umbrella cloud drops tephra as it spreads; on the left, part of the jet has failed to become buoyant and collapses into a pyroclastic density current.
Anatomy of an eruption column (schematic, not to scale). On the right the column rises through its three regions and the umbrella cloud drops tephra as it spreads; on the left, part of the jet has failed to become buoyant and collapses into a pyroclastic density current.
Top height of eruption columns above the vent against the mass eruption rate: the empirical fit of Mastin and others (2009), the fit of Aubry and others (2023) to an independent data set, and the example eruptions of the first compilation (the co-ignimbrite cloud of Mount St. Helens rose from pyroclastic flows, not from the vent).
Top height of eruption columns above the vent against the mass eruption rate: the empirical fit of Mastin and others (2009), the fit of Aubry and others (2023) to an independent data set, and the example eruptions of the first compilation (the co-ignimbrite cloud of Mount St. Helens rose from pyroclastic flows, not from the vent).
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