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1 Markets I: The Ecosystem and Exchange-Traded Marketsবাজার অনলাইন 2 Markets II: Rates, FX and Creditবাজার অনলাইন 3 Markets III: Commodities, Energy and Cryptoবাজার অনলাইন 4 Quantitative Methodsপদ্ধতি অনলাইন 5 Derivatives and Volatilityডেরিভেটিভস অনলাইন 6 Rates, Credit, XVA and Riskসুদহার, ঋণ ও ঝুঁকি অনলাইন 7 Research Craft: Predictors, Backtests, Measurement, Portfoliosগবেষণা অনলাইন 8 Strategies I: Equities and Futuresকৌশল অনলাইন 9 Strategies II: Volatility, Relative Value, Macro and the Bank Desksকৌশল অনলাইন 10 Microstructure and Executionএক্সিকিউশন অনলাইন 11 Market Making and High-Frequency Tradingমার্কেট মেকিং অনলাইন 12 Machine Learning for Marketsমেশিন লার্নিং অনলাইন 13 Low-Latency Softwareপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 14 Networks, Hardware and Trading Infrastructureপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 15 Research, Data and Risk Platformsপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 16 The Desk and the Firmপ্রতিষ্ঠান অনলাইন 17 The Industry: Firms, Roles and Careersক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 18 Interviews I: Maths, Probability and Speedক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 19 Interviews II: Markets, Trading Games and the Final Roundক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 20 Interviews III: Codeক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন
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Earth and Space Sciences · পরিভাষা

Stacking (seismic) কী?

Definition 2.15 University Earth and Space Sciences — Year 3 · অধ্যায় 2 — Exploration Seismology

Stacking (seismic) is the summation, after the normal-moveout correction, of the traces of a CMP gather into a single trace placed at the midpoint. The stacked traces, side by side along the line, form the stacked section, an image of the reflectors in two-way time.

A synthetic CMP gather beneath the syncline axis of the Varden line (computed by exact ray tracing through the flat-layered column; 30 Hz Ricker wavelet; no noise). (a) The four reflections (top of the shale, top and base of the limestone, top of the basement) curve down with offset along near-hyperbolae. (b) After the NMO correction with the stacking velocities fitted on the offsets up to 600\, m, the reflections are flat out to about 1\, km; beyond, the true times depart from the hyperbola and the correction leaves them bent, and the wavelets are stretched; in processing, the stretched far traces of the shallow reflections are muted before the stack.
A synthetic CMP gather beneath the syncline axis of the Varden line (computed by exact ray tracing through the flat-layered column; 30 Hz Ricker wavelet; no noise). (a) The four reflections (top of the shale, top and base of the limestone, top of the basement) curve down with offset along near-hyperbolae. (b) After the NMO correction with the stacking velocities fitted on the offsets up to 600 m600\,\mathrm{m}, the reflections are flat out to about 1 km1\,\mathrm{km}; beyond, the true times depart from the hyperbola and the correction leaves them bent, and the wavelets are stretched; in processing, the stretched far traces of the shallow reflections are muted before the stack.
Velocities beneath the syncline axis (computed). The RMS velocity, a weighted mean, changes slowly; the stacking velocities of the gather lie close to it. Applied to them, the Dix equation recovers the interval velocity of each layer (the step line, drawn at the base of each layer) to within a few per cent, the error growing in the thin, fast limestone.
Velocities beneath the syncline axis (computed). The RMS velocity, a weighted mean, changes slowly; the stacking velocities of the gather lie close to it. Applied to them, the Dix equation recovers the interval velocity of each layer (the step line, drawn at the base of each layer) to within a few per cent, the error growing in the thin, fast limestone.
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