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Earth and Space Sciences · 术语表

什么是 Volcanic arc？

Definition 22.1 High School Earth and Space Sciences · 第 22 章 — Magmatism at Subduction Zones

A volcanic arc is a line of volcanoes on the overriding plate of a subduction zone, parallel to the trench, standing above the place where the slab has reached a depth of about a hundred kilometres. It is an island arc when it rises from the sea floor, as in Japan or Indonesia, and a continental arc when it stands on a continent, as in the Andes or the Cascades.

A section across north-east Japan at true scale: the earthquakes of magnitude 4.5 or more between 37.5 and 40.5 N, 1976–2025 (grey), the volcanoes of the same band (red triangles) and the line fitted to the earthquakes deeper than 70\, km (blue, dashed). Two out of five of the shallow events east of 141.5 E date from 2011, the year of the great earthquake of March. Data: USGS earthquake catalogue; Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program; plate boundaries of Bird (2003). — A section across north-east Japan at true scale: the earthquakes of magnitude 4.5 or more between $37.5{}^{\circ}$ and $40.5{}^{\circ}$ N, 1976–2025 (grey), the volcanoes of the same band (red triangles) and the line fitted to the earthquakes deeper than $70\,\mathrm{km}$ (blue, dashed). Two out of five of the shallow events east of $141.5{}^{\circ}$ E date from 2011, the year of the great earthquake of March. Data: USGS earthquake catalogue; Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program; plate boundaries of Bird (2003).

示例

Example 22.4 (North-east Japan)

In the band of the figure, the easternmost volcano is Iwate, at $141.0{}^{\circ}$ E, and the Japan Trench lies at $144.1{}^{\circ}$ E. One degree of longitude there is $111.2\cos39{}^{\circ} \approx 86.4\,\mathrm{km}$ , so $d \approx 3.12 \times 86.4 \approx 270\,\mathrm{km}$ . The deep earthquakes dip at about $20{}^{\circ}$ , and

H = 270 \times \tan20{}^{\circ} \approx 98\,\mathrm{km}.

The earthquakes deeper than $70\,\mathrm{km}$ that lie beneath the front itself have a median depth of $98\,\mathrm{km}$ : the two agree, close to the world average.

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