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1 Primary & Middle School Mathematics1–9 年级在线 2 High School Mathematics10–12 年级在线 3 University Mathematics — Year 1本科一年级在线 4 University Mathematics — Year 2本科二年级在线 5 University Mathematics — Year 3本科三年级在线

1 Primary & Middle School Physics1–9 年级在线 2 High School Physics10–12 年级在线 3 University Physics — Year 1本科一年级在线 4 University Physics — Year 2本科二年级在线 5 University Physics — Year 3本科三年级在线

1 School Chemistry — Grades 1 to 121–12 年级在线 2 University Chemistry — Year 1本科一年级在线 3 University Chemistry — Year 2本科二年级在线 4 University Chemistry — Year 3本科三年级在线

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1 Markets I: The Ecosystem and Exchange-Traded Markets市场在线 2 Markets II: Rates, FX and Credit市场在线 3 Markets III: Commodities, Energy and Crypto市场在线 4 Quantitative Methods方法在线 5 Derivatives and Volatility衍生品在线 6 Rates, Credit, XVA and Risk利率、信用与风险在线 7 Research Craft: Predictors, Backtests, Measurement, Portfolios研究在线 8 Strategies I: Equities and Futures策略在线 9 Strategies II: Volatility, Relative Value, Macro and the Bank Desks策略在线 10 Microstructure and Execution交易执行在线 11 Market Making and High-Frequency Trading做市在线 12 Machine Learning for Markets机器学习在线 13 Low-Latency Software技术在线 14 Networks, Hardware and Trading Infrastructure技术在线 15 Research, Data and Risk Platforms技术在线 16 The Desk and the Firm公司运营在线 17 The Industry: Firms, Roles and Careers职业发展在线 18 Interviews I: Maths, Probability and Speed职业发展在线 19 Interviews II: Markets, Trading Games and the Final Round职业发展在线 20 Interviews III: Code职业发展在线

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Physics · 术语表

什么是 Perfect gas, microscopic model？

Definition 20.5 University Physics — Year 1 · 第 20 章 — Kinetic Theory and the Perfect Gas

A perfect gas (ideal gas) is a collection of $N$ molecules, treated as points of mass $m$ , moving freely and at random — no interaction except brief collisions — in a container of volume $V$ . At equilibrium the velocity distribution is isotropic and stationary; $n^* = N/V$ is the number density and $\langle v^2\rangle$ the mean square speed.

Left: the kinetic origin of pressure — molecules striking a wall and bouncing back deliver momentum to it; their number per second times 2mu is the force. Right: the actual speeds are spread (Maxwell’s distribution, here for nitrogen at two temperatures); the model’s single u is replaced by the root-mean-square speed. — Left: the kinetic origin of pressure — molecules striking a wall and bouncing back deliver momentum to it; their number per second times $2mu$ is the force. Right: the actual speeds are spread (Maxwell’s distribution, here for nitrogen at two temperatures); the model’s single $u$ is replaced by the root-mean-square speed.

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