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Earth and Space Sciences · 术语表

什么是 Evaporite, evaporation sequence, sabkha？

又称： evaporite · evaporation sequence · sabkha

Definition 22.10 University Earth and Space Sciences — Year 1 · 第 22 章 — Carbonate, Siliceous and Evaporite Sediments

An evaporite is a sediment or sedimentary rock of salts precipitated from a natural brine concentrated by evaporation: chiefly gypsum $\ce{CaSO4.2H2O}$ and anhydrite $\ce{CaSO4}$ , halite $\ce{NaCl}$ , and the potassium and magnesium salts. The evaporation sequence is the order in which the minerals precipitate from evaporating seawater, the least soluble first: calcium carbonate, then gypsum, then halite, then the potassium and magnesium salts. A sabkha is a coastal salt flat, at or just above the level of the highest tides, where gypsum, anhydrite and halite grow within the sediment from the evaporating brine that soaks it.

The evaporation of seawater. (a) The fraction of the water left when the brine is concentrated by a given factor, with the onset of each mineral measured at the salt works of Great Inagua and in the laboratory (McCaffrey, Lazar and Holland, 1987). (b) The masses laid down per kilogram of seawater evaporated to dryness, each mineral taking all of the ion that limits it (gypsum counted with its water; the bittern salts counted without theirs), computed from the reference composition of seawater.

A barred evaporite basin (schematic): seawater flows in over a sill to replace the water evaporated from the basin; the dense brine sinks and part of it flows back to the ocean at depth. The smaller the outflow, the more concentrated the brine; here it has passed halite saturation and halite lies over the earlier gypsum.

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