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1 Primary & Middle School Mathematics1–9 年级在线 2 High School Mathematics10–12 年级在线 3 University Mathematics — Year 1本科一年级在线 4 University Mathematics — Year 2本科二年级在线 5 University Mathematics — Year 3本科三年级在线

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1 Markets I: The Ecosystem and Exchange-Traded Markets市场在线 2 Markets II: Rates, FX and Credit市场在线 3 Markets III: Commodities, Energy and Crypto市场在线 4 Quantitative Methods方法在线 5 Derivatives and Volatility衍生品在线 6 Rates, Credit, XVA and Risk利率、信用与风险在线 7 Research Craft: Predictors, Backtests, Measurement, Portfolios研究在线 8 Strategies I: Equities and Futures策略在线 9 Strategies II: Volatility, Relative Value, Macro and the Bank Desks策略在线 10 Microstructure and Execution交易执行在线 11 Market Making and High-Frequency Trading做市在线 12 Machine Learning for Markets机器学习在线 13 Low-Latency Software技术在线 14 Networks, Hardware and Trading Infrastructure技术在线 15 Research, Data and Risk Platforms技术在线 16 The Desk and the Firm公司运营在线 17 The Industry: Firms, Roles and Careers职业发展在线 18 Interviews I: Maths, Probability and Speed职业发展在线 19 Interviews II: Markets, Trading Games and the Final Round职业发展在线 20 Interviews III: Code职业发展在线

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Earth and Space Sciences · 术语表

什么是 Potential vorticity？

Definition 20.3 University Earth and Space Sciences — Year 3 · 第 20 章 — Atmospheric Dynamics

The potential vorticity of a column of a homogeneous layer of depth $h$ is $q = (\zeta + f)/h$ . In a continuously stratified fluid, Ertel’s potential vorticity is $q = (\vec\omega_a\cdot \nabla\theta)/\rho$ , with $\vec\omega_a$ the absolute vorticity vector and $\theta$ the potential temperature.

How a Rossby wave moves (schematic, Northern Hemisphere). A chain of parcels at rest at latitude _0 is displaced into a wave. Keeping + f, the parcels moved north, where f is larger, acquire clockwise relative vorticity; those moved south, anticlockwise. Between a crest and the trough to its east the induced flow is southward, between a trough and the crest to its east northward (black arrows): the displacement grows west of each crest and the whole pattern shifts westward. — How a Rossby wave moves (schematic, Northern Hemisphere). A chain of parcels at rest at latitude $\varphi_0$ is displaced into a wave. Keeping $\zeta + f$ , the parcels moved north, where $f$ is larger, acquire clockwise relative vorticity; those moved south, anticlockwise. Between a crest and the trough to its east the induced flow is southward, between a trough and the crest to its east northward (black arrows): the displacement grows west of each crest and the whole pattern shifts westward.

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