সব বই

পেশাদার

1 Markets I: The Ecosystem and Exchange-Traded Marketsবাজার অনলাইন 2 Markets II: Rates, FX and Creditবাজার অনলাইন 3 Markets III: Commodities, Energy and Cryptoবাজার অনলাইন 4 Quantitative Methodsপদ্ধতি অনলাইন 5 Derivatives and Volatilityডেরিভেটিভস অনলাইন 6 Rates, Credit, XVA and Riskসুদহার, ঋণ ও ঝুঁকি অনলাইন 7 Research Craft: Predictors, Backtests, Measurement, Portfoliosগবেষণা অনলাইন 8 Strategies I: Equities and Futuresকৌশল অনলাইন 9 Strategies II: Volatility, Relative Value, Macro and the Bank Desksকৌশল অনলাইন 10 Microstructure and Executionএক্সিকিউশন অনলাইন 11 Market Making and High-Frequency Tradingমার্কেট মেকিং অনলাইন 12 Machine Learning for Marketsমেশিন লার্নিং অনলাইন 13 Low-Latency Softwareপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 14 Networks, Hardware and Trading Infrastructureপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 15 Research, Data and Risk Platformsপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 16 The Desk and the Firmপ্রতিষ্ঠান অনলাইন 17 The Industry: Firms, Roles and Careersক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 18 Interviews I: Maths, Probability and Speedক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 19 Interviews II: Markets, Trading Games and the Final Roundক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 20 Interviews III: Codeক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন
অ্যাপ পরিচিতি Coach সাইন ইন পড়া শুরু করো

বইগুলো এখনো বাংলা ভাষায় পাওয়া যায় না — ইংরেজি সংস্করণ দেখানো হচ্ছে।

Earth and Space Sciences · পরিভাষা

Ray parameter, turning point কী?

অন্য নাম: ray parameter · turning point (of a seismic ray)

Definition 1.2 University Earth and Space Sciences — Year 3 · অধ্যায় 1 — Seismology and Earth Imaging

The constant p=rsin⁡i/v(r)p = r\sin i/v(r) of a ray in a spherically symmetric Earth is its ray parameter, in seconds per radian. At the surface it is p=Rsin⁡i0/v0p = R\sin i_0/v_0, where i0i_0 is the take-off angle and v0v_0 the speed at the surface. The point where the ray is horizontal (i=90∘i = 90{}^{\circ}) is its turning point (of a seismic ray), at the radius rtr_t where

rtv(rt)=p.\frac{r_t}{v(r_t)} = p .

Below it the ray rises again, symmetric about the radius through the turning point.

A ray in a spherical Earth cut into shells of uniform speed (schematic, not to scale). In each shell the ray is straight; at each boundary it refracts by Snell’s law, away from the radius when the speed increases downwards. The quantity r i/v keeps the same value p along the ray; the ray is horizontal at its turning point, where r/v = p, and rises again symmetrically.
A ray in a spherical Earth cut into shells of uniform speed (schematic, not to scale). In each shell the ray is straight; at each boundary it refracts by Snell’s law, away from the radius when the speed increases downwards. The quantity rsin⁡i/vr\sin i/v keeps the same value pp along the ray; the ray is horizontal at its turning point, where r/v=pr/v = p, and rises again symmetrically.
P rays from a surface source through the reference model PREM, traced through 2-km shells, for take-off angles from 2 to 34 from the vertical. Blue: rays turning in the mantle, which reach at most 98.5; they bend up because the speed increases with depth, and the kinks near the top mark the discontinuities of the model, at 220, 400 and 670\, km. Red: rays entering the core, bent sharply down at the core–mantle boundary, where the speed drops; the rays that turn in the outer core first reach the surface again at 143.8. Between lies the shadow zone of direct P (grey arc), reached only by weak waves passing through or reflected off the inner core.
P rays from a surface source through the reference model PREM, traced through 2-km shells, for take-off angles from 2∘2{}^{\circ} to 34∘34{}^{\circ} from the vertical. Blue: rays turning in the mantle, which reach at most 98.5∘98.5{}^{\circ}; they bend up because the speed increases with depth, and the kinks near the top mark the discontinuities of the model, at 220, 400 and 670 km670\,\mathrm{km}. Red: rays entering the core, bent sharply down at the core–mantle boundary, where the speed drops; the rays that turn in the outer core first reach the surface again at 143.8∘143.8{}^{\circ}. Between lies the shadow zone of direct P (grey arc), reached only by weak waves passing through or reflected off the inner core.
প্রসঙ্গসহ পড়ো →