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Earth and Space Sciences · 术语表

什么是 Strength envelope, brittle–ductile transition, seismogenic layer？

又称： strength envelope · brittle--ductile transition · seismogenic layer

Definition 16.18 University Earth and Space Sciences — Year 1 · 第 16 章 — Stress, Strain and Rheology

The strength envelope of the lithosphere is the curve, against depth, of the largest differential stress it can bear at a given strain rate: at each depth, the smaller of the frictional strength and the creep strength. The brittle–ductile transition is the depth at which the two are equal: above it the rock deforms by faulting, below it by creep. The seismogenic layer is the range of depths in which most earthquakes start.

Strength envelopes at the strain rate 10-15\, s-1. Red: frictional strength from Byerlee’s law with a hydrostatic pore pressure, for compression (thrust faulting, right) and extension (normal faulting, left, drawn as negative); blue: the creep strength of wet quartzite in the continental crust and of dry olivine in the mantle; black outline and shading: the strength, the smaller of the two at each depth. (a) A continent with a surface heat flow of 55\, mW\, m-2 and a crust 35\, km thick: strong upper crust, weak lower crust, strong uppermost mantle. (b) Ocean floor 60\, Myr old: a single strong layer, 38\, km thick in compression. — Strength envelopes at the strain rate $10^{-15}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ . Red: frictional strength from Byerlee’s law with a hydrostatic pore pressure, for compression (thrust faulting, right) and extension (normal faulting, left, drawn as negative); blue: the creep strength of wet quartzite in the continental crust and of dry olivine in the mantle; black outline and shading: the strength, the smaller of the two at each depth. (a) A continent with a surface heat flow of $55\,\mathrm{mW}\,\mathrm{m}^{-2}$ and a crust $35\,\mathrm{km}$ thick: strong upper crust, weak lower crust, strong uppermost mantle. (b) Ocean floor $60\,\mathrm{Myr}$ old: a single strong layer, $38\,\mathrm{km}$ thick in compression.

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