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1 Primary & Middle School Mathematics1–9 年级在线 2 High School Mathematics10–12 年级在线 3 University Mathematics — Year 1本科一年级在线 4 University Mathematics — Year 2本科二年级在线 5 University Mathematics — Year 3本科三年级在线

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1 Markets I: The Ecosystem and Exchange-Traded Markets市场在线 2 Markets II: Rates, FX and Credit市场在线 3 Markets III: Commodities, Energy and Crypto市场在线 4 Quantitative Methods方法在线 5 Derivatives and Volatility衍生品在线 6 Rates, Credit, XVA and Risk利率、信用与风险在线 7 Research Craft: Predictors, Backtests, Measurement, Portfolios研究在线 8 Strategies I: Equities and Futures策略在线 9 Strategies II: Volatility, Relative Value, Macro and the Bank Desks策略在线 10 Microstructure and Execution交易执行在线 11 Market Making and High-Frequency Trading做市在线 12 Machine Learning for Markets机器学习在线 13 Low-Latency Software技术在线 14 Networks, Hardware and Trading Infrastructure技术在线 15 Research, Data and Risk Platforms技术在线 16 The Desk and the Firm公司运营在线 17 The Industry: Firms, Roles and Careers职业发展在线 18 Interviews I: Maths, Probability and Speed职业发展在线 19 Interviews II: Markets, Trading Games and the Final Round职业发展在线 20 Interviews III: Code职业发展在线

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Biology · 术语表

什么是 Interspecific interactions？

Definition 27.1 University Biology — Year 1 · 第 27 章 — Interactions Between Species

An interaction between two species is classified by its effect on each: $+$ (benefit), $-$ (harm) or $0$ . Competition ( $-/-$ ): both use a resource in short supply. Predation ( $+/-$ ): one kills and eats the other; herbivory ( $+/-$ ) when the eaten is a plant and usually survives; parasitism ( $+/-$ ) when the exploiter lives on or in a host it does not kill at once. Mutualism ( $+/+$ ): both benefit. Commensalism ( $+/0$ ): one benefits, the other is unaffected. Amensalism ( $-/0$ ): one is harmed, the other unaffected. Every interaction is a selective pressure on both partners, and their reciprocal adaptation over generations is coevolution.

示例

Example 27.2 (One tree, all six)

An oak competes with its neighbours for light; its acorns are eaten by jays (predation) and its leaves by caterpillars (herbivory); mistletoe draws its sap (parasitism); its roots exchange sugars for phosphate with a fungus (mutualism); ferns grow on its bark, using it only as a perch (commensalism); and its shade kills the grass beneath it (amensalism).

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