Every term, defined

Biology glossary

479 terms from the books, quoted word for word, each linked to its chapter.

A

• Abiotic stress
• Actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
• Activation, help and killing
• Acute inflammation
• Adaptation
• Alignment and score
• Allosteric enzymes
• Allostery and cooperativity
• Allostery, cooperativity
• Alveoli
• Amino acid
• Amphiphilic lipids
• Amyloid
• An animal’s matter production
• Anaerobic respiration
• Anatomy of a gene
• Ancestral and derived states
• Animal
• Anoxygenic photosynthesis
• Antibiotic
• Antibiotics
• Antibody structure and V(D)J recombination
• Antigen, lymphocyte
• Antiviral drugs and vaccines
• Apomixis
• Apoplast, symplast, endodermis
• Apoptosis
• Arteries, capillaries, veins
• Assembly and annotation
• ATP
• ATP, coupling
• Atria and ventricles
• Attribute
• Autotroph, heterotroph
• Autotrophy
• Autotrophy and heterotrophy

B

• Barrier methods: the condom
• Biodiversity 3 definitions
• Biofilm
• BLAST
• Blastula
• Blood vessels
• Body covering
• Body plan 2 definitions
• Breathing in and out
• Buds
• Buffer

C

• C4 and CAM plants
• Calcium homeostasis
• Cancer
• Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
• Carbon fixation
• Carcinogen
• Cardiac output
• Cell 3 definitions
• Cell culture
• Cell cycle
• Cell fractionation
• Cell migration
• Cell wall, vacuole, plasmodesmata
• Central and peripheral divisions
• Chambers and valves
• Channels, carriers, pumps
• Chaperones
• Characters: homology, homoplasy, polarity
• Checkpoints
• Chemical and electrical synapses
• Chemical composition of living matter
• Chloroplast 2 definitions
• Chromosome, chromatid, karyotype
• Chromosomes
• Cilia and flagella
• Classification
• Cleavage, blastocyst, implantation
• Clone, genet, ramet
• Coats and vesicle budding
• Codon and the genetic code
• Comparative genomics
• Complement
• Connective tissue
• Coral and alga
• Covalent and non-covalent bonds
• CRISPR–Cas9
• Critical periods and the diseases of plasticity
• Crops and livestock
• Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases
• Cytoskeleton

D

• Deciduous and evergreen
• Decomposers
• Decomposition and nutrient budget
• Denaturation, melting temperature
• Dermal, ground and vascular tissues
• Diabetes
• Differentiation, determination, potency
• Digestion and nutrients
• Diploid, haploid, meiosis
• Disorder and dynamics
• Dispersal
• Dissolved oxygen
• Disturbance, resistance, resilience
• Diversity
• dN/dS
• DNA
• DNA lesions
• DNA methylation
• Domestication, artificial selection
• Double-strand break repair
• Duplication, families and transfer
• Dynamic instability

E

• Ecological succession
• Ecosystem engineers
• Ecosystem, biotope, community
• Electron carriers
• Elementary circuits
• Embryonic, induced, and cultured
• Endocytosis 2 definitions
• Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome
• Energy expenditure
• Environmental conditions
• Enzyme, substrate, active site 2 definitions
• Epigenetics
• Epithelial tissue
• Essential elements
• Evo-devo
• Excision repair
• Expression systems
• Extranuclear inheritance

F

• Fatty acid synthesis
• Fermentation 3 definitions
• Fermentation, revisited
• Fibre types
• Fitness
• Floral transition and induction
• Florigen
• Fluid compartments
• Fluidity, phase transition
• Food chain
• Food chain, food web
• Food web
• Forms of learning and memory
• Fossils
• From ovule to seed, from ovary to fruit
• Functional groups
• Functional response

G

• Gametes
• Gene and allele
• Gene and alleles
• Genetic disease, dominant and recessive
• Genetic information
• Genome-wide association
• Genome, chromosome, nucleoid
• Genomic imprinting
• Genotype and phenotype
• Germ layers, body cavities
• Germination
• Germs
• Gill
• Gluconeogenesis
• Glycaemia
• Glycogen
• Glycogen synthesis
• Glycolysis
• Glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids
• Glycosidic bond, disaccharide
• Growing like the parents
• Growth chart

H

• Habitat
• Habitat, niche
• Haplontic, diplontic, haplo-diplontic
• Hebbian plasticity, LTP and LTD
• Herbivore, carnivore, omnivore
• Heredity
• Heterospory, pollen, ovule
• Hibernation
• Histone modifications
• Homeostasis
• Homeotic genes and colinearity
• Homology
• Horizontal gene transfer 2 definitions
• Hormonal methods: the pill
• Hormone
• Hormone, feedback
• Hormones, first encounter
• How animals regrow
• Hygiene

I

• Immortality and instability
• Immune memory
• Induction and competence
• Infection’s stages
• Inhibitors
• Initial rate, saturation
• Innate and adaptive immunity
• Innate immunity
• Insulin and glucagon
• Internal environment
• Interspecific competition
• Interspecific interactions
• Invasion and metastasis

J

• Joint 2 definitions

K

• Karyotype, centromere, telomere
• Keystone species, trophic cascade
• Kidneys and the urinary system
• Kinds of chemical signalling

L

• Leaf area index
• Levels of organisation
• Levels of structure
• Life cycle
• Life table
• Life-history strategies
• Linkage and recombination frequency
• Lipid, fatty acid
• Living thing
• Lymphocytes and their receptors

M

• Magnification and resolution 2 definitions
• Massively parallel sequencing
• Maximal oxygen consumption
• Meiosis
• Membrane potential
• Membrane proteins
• Meristems and the two kinds of growth
• Meristems, primary and secondary growth
• Messenger RNA and transcription
• Metabolic rate, allometry
• Metabolism
• Metamorphosis
• Microbes, sorted
• Microhabitat
• MicroRNAs
• Microscope
• Migration
• Mineral and organic matter
• Mineral matter and organic matter
• Mismatch repair
• Mitochondrion
• Mitosis
• Modes of division
• Modes of nutrition
• Monophyly, paraphyly, polyphyly
• Monosaccharide
• Motifs and information content
• Motor cortex
• Motor proteins
• mRNA stability and localisation
• Multiple alignment and profiles
• Muscle
• Muscle tissue
• Mutagen
• Mutation
• Mutation, and its kinds
• Mutation, quasispecies, drift and shift
• Mycorrhiza
• Mycorrhizas
• Myogenesis

N

• N-glycosylation and quality control
• Natural killer cells and interferon
• Natural selection
• Nature and the environment
• Nerve nets, ganglia and brains
• Nervous tissue
• Neuron
• Neuron, axon, nerve
• Neurons and nerve messages
• Nitrogen assimilation, transamination
• Nitrogen fixation and nodules
• Nomenclature and ranks
• Non-coding RNA
• Non-living thing
• Nucleosome and chromatin
• Nucleosome, chromatin
• Nucleotide 2 definitions
• Nutrition, digestion, absorption

O

• Olfaction and taste
• Oncogenes and tumour suppressors
• Open and closed, single and double
• Operon, repressor, operator
• Organ, organ system
• Organelle
• Organelle genomes
• Organelle, cytosol
• Organisers and signalling centres
• Organism, open system
• Osmoregulation
• Osmoregulation across the animals
• Osmosis, water potential
• Oviparous and viviparous

P

• Parasitism, symbiosis, mutualism
• Parsimony
• Partial pressure, solubility
• Parts of a plant
• Parts of the body
• Parts of the human body
• Pattern recognition
• Pedigree
• Peptide bond, polypeptide
• Peroxisome
• pH, acid, base, pKa
• Phagocytosis
• Phagocytosis and the respiratory burst
• Phases and states
• Phenotypic plasticity and the norm of reaction
• Phloem, sieve tubes, source and sink
• Phosphodiester bond, polarity
• Photoreceptors 2 definitions
• Photosynthetic pigments
• Photosystems and the Z-scheme
• Phylogenetic tree
• Phylogeny, clade, homology
• Physical activity and training
• piRNAs and transposon silencing
• Plant
• Plastids
• Pollination and its agents
• Polyploidy
• Polysaccharide
• Population
• Population, allele frequency
• Population, density, dispersion
• Population, gene pool, frequencies
• Positive control: CAP and cAMP
• Pregnancy
• Producers and consumers
• Producers, consumers, decomposers
• Productivity
• Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Protein, amino acid sequence
• Protists: a grade, not a group
• Protostomes and deuterostomes
• Puberty
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase, acetyl-CoA

Q

• Quorum sensing

R

• Reaction time
• Recovery
• Reflex
• Regulated necrosis and senescence
• Regulated splicing
• Replication
• Reservoir, flux, residence time
• Resistance
• Respiration
• Respiratory quotient
• Restriction enzymes, ligase and vectors
• RNA interference
• RNA polymerase, promoter, transcription
• Root, stem, leaf

S

• Secondary structure
• Seed
• Seed dormancy
• Segmentation, skeletons
• Sense and sense organ
• Sequencing by chain termination
• Sex chromosomes
• Sexual reproduction
• Sexual selection
• Skeletal muscle and tendon
• Skeleton and bones
• Soil
• Soil and its horizons
• Somatosensation
• Sorting and criteria
• Sorting signals
• Species 4 definitions
• Species richness, diversity index
• Spore
• Staying active
• Stem cells and their hierarchy
• Steroids, isoprenoids
• Stoma, guard cells
• Stomata
• Structural methods
• Substitution matrices
• Symbiosis 2 definitions
• Symmetry and cephalisation
• Synapse and neurotransmitter
• Systematics, phylogeny, cladistics

T

• T cell receptors and MHC
• Targeting and fusion
• Tertiary and quaternary structure
• The absorptive surface
• The axes
• The baroreflex
• The breathing organs
• The cell cycle
• The cell’s parts
• The cells of the nervous system
• The circadian clock
• The cochlea
• The components of an environment
• The composition of blood
• The controls
• The digestive tract
• The DNA damage response
• The double circulation
• The egg and its axes
• The endocrine glands
• The envelope
• The female reproductive system
• The fern life cycle
• The food families
• The four machines
• The genetic code
• The germinal centre
• The gut community
• The heart
• The hippocampal circuit
• The human lineage
• The hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis
• The Krebs cycle
• The legume–rhizobium symbiosis
• The limb bud
• The male reproductive system
• The mammalian lung
• The moss life cycle
• The motor unit
• The muscle fibre
• The nephron
• The nervous system
• The nucleus
• The nutrient families
• The ovarian and uterine cycles
• The ovary and oogenesis
• The parts of a flower 2 definitions
• The parts of the eye
• The pentose phosphate pathway
• The placenta 2 definitions
• The plant hormones and their receptors
• The plasma membrane
• The polymerase chain reaction
• The prokaryotic cell
• The replication cycle
• The replication fork and its enzymes
• The respiratory chain
• The retina
• The ribosome
• The risks of smallness
• The RNAs
• The segmentation hierarchy
• The stages of human life
• The standing army
• The synapse
• The testis and spermatogenesis
• The three kinds of teeth
• The tools
• The tree of kinship
• The two pathways
• The two steps
• The vascular cambium and wood
• The vascular tree
• The vocabulary of crosses
• The water molecule
• Tinbergen’s questions
• Tissue
• Tolerance
• Traits
• Transcription factors, enhancers
• Transduction, coding and adaptation
• Transfer RNA and its synthetases
• Transgenesis and gene targeting
• Transgenic plants
• Translesion synthesis
• Transposable elements
• Tree
• Triglyceride
• Trophic types
• Tumour, cancer, hallmarks
• Two layers of plant immunity
• Two ways to be born

U

• Unicellular living things
• Unicellular, colonial, multicellular

V

• Vaccine
• Vaccines and herd immunity
• Vegetative reproduction
• Ventilation
• Vertebrates and invertebrates
• Virus 2 definitions

W

• Waxes

X

• X-chromosome inactivation
• X, Y, and the coin flip
• Xylem conduits, cavitation