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1 Primary & Middle School Mathematics1–9 年级在线 2 High School Mathematics10–12 年级在线 3 University Mathematics — Year 1本科一年级在线 4 University Mathematics — Year 2本科二年级在线 5 University Mathematics — Year 3本科三年级在线

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1 Markets I: The Ecosystem and Exchange-Traded Markets市场在线 2 Markets II: Rates, FX and Credit市场在线 3 Markets III: Commodities, Energy and Crypto市场在线 4 Quantitative Methods方法在线 5 Derivatives and Volatility衍生品在线 6 Rates, Credit, XVA and Risk利率、信用与风险在线 7 Research Craft: Predictors, Backtests, Measurement, Portfolios研究在线 8 Strategies I: Equities and Futures策略在线 9 Strategies II: Volatility, Relative Value, Macro and the Bank Desks策略在线 10 Microstructure and Execution交易执行在线 11 Market Making and High-Frequency Trading做市在线 12 Machine Learning for Markets机器学习在线 13 Low-Latency Software技术在线 14 Networks, Hardware and Trading Infrastructure技术在线 15 Research, Data and Risk Platforms技术在线 16 The Desk and the Firm公司运营在线 17 The Industry: Firms, Roles and Careers职业发展在线 18 Interviews I: Maths, Probability and Speed职业发展在线 19 Interviews II: Markets, Trading Games and the Final Round职业发展在线 20 Interviews III: Code职业发展在线

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Earth and Space Sciences · 术语表

什么是 Normalised diagram？

Definition 3.12 University Earth and Space Sciences — Year 2 · 第 3 章 — Elements in the Earth

A normalised diagram plots, for a series of elements in a fixed order, the concentration in a sample divided by that in a reference, $X_N = C_X/C_X^{\mathrm{ref}}$ , on a logarithmic scale. The rare earths are normalised to CI chondrites in the order of atomic number; a longer set of incompatible elements, often called a spider diagram, is normalised to the primitive mantle and ordered by decreasing incompatibility in mantle melting.

Rare earth patterns normalised to CI chondrites (thulium left out, for want of a MORB value). The mean MORB is flat, slightly poorer in the light rare earths; the Hawaiian basalt is enriched in them; the upper crust is strongly enriched in them, with a negative europium anomaly. Data: Gale and others (2013); USGS BHVO-2 sheet; Rudnick and Gao; Lodders (2003).

Incompatible elements normalised to the primitive mantle, from the most incompatible on the left. The continental crust shows the high LILE, the deep troughs at niobium, tantalum and titanium and the lead peak inherited from subduction-zone melting; the Hawaiian basalt shows a hump at niobium and tantalum. Potassium and titanium computed from the oxides. Data: as for the rare earth figure; McDonough and Sun (1995).

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