Physics · Glossary

What is Absolute and relative uncertainty?

Also known as: uncertainty absolute · uncertainty relative

Definition 1.17 High School Physics · Chapter 1 — Orders of Magnitude: Measuring the Universe

A measurement of a quantity xx is stated as

x=xm±Δx,x = x_{\text{m}} \pm \Delta x ,

where xmx_{\text{m}} is the measured value and the absolute uncertainty Δx>0\Delta x > 0, in the same unit, bounds the plausible error: the true value is claimed to lie between xmΔxx_{\text{m}} - \Delta x and xm+Δxx_{\text{m}} + \Delta x. The relative uncertainty is the ratio Δx/xm\Delta x / x_{\text{m}}, usually quoted in percent; it is what the word “precise” measures.

Examples

Example 1.19 (Relative precision)

The reading above has relative uncertainty 0.51270.4%\frac{0.5}{127} \approx 0.4\%. The same ruler measuring a 12mm12\,\mathrm{mm} bolt gives 0.5124%\frac{0.5}{12} \approx 4\%: the identical instrument is ten times less precise on the small object. Precision is a property of the measurement, not of the tool.

Read in context →