A -submanifold with boundary is a set covered by regular parametrizations of two kinds: interior charts with open, and boundary charts , where and extends smoothly and regularly to the open . The boundary is the set of points reached at ; it is a -submanifold without boundary, parametrized by the maps . An orientation of induces one on by the outward-normal-first rule: at , a basis of is positive iff is a positive basis of , where points out of (in a boundary chart: , up to adding tangential components — the orientation class does not see them).
Examples
Example 21.24 (The classical theorems)
Let be a compact domain with smooth boundary, standardly oriented. For : , and Stokes reads
Green–Riemann, proved for elementary domains in the Year 2 volume and now in natural generality. In , Stokes applied to the flux -form of a vector field on a compact domain gives the divergence theorem , and applied to a -form on a surface-with-boundary, the classical Kelvin–Stokes curl theorem; Exercise 21.7 spells out both dictionaries.