The statistical entropy of a macrostate is
The logarithm makes entropy additive where multiplicities multiply: for independent systems and ; Boltzmann’s constant calibrates the count to the kelvin-and-joule units thermodynamics had already chosen. This , we will verify, is the entropy of the Year 1 volume’s second law — now with a microscopic meaning: entropy measures, in logarithmic currency, how many ways the macrostate can be realised.