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1 Markets I: The Ecosystem and Exchange-Traded Marketsবাজার অনলাইন 2 Markets II: Rates, FX and Creditবাজার অনলাইন 3 Markets III: Commodities, Energy and Cryptoবাজার অনলাইন 4 Quantitative Methodsপদ্ধতি অনলাইন 5 Derivatives and Volatilityডেরিভেটিভস অনলাইন 6 Rates, Credit, XVA and Riskসুদহার, ঋণ ও ঝুঁকি অনলাইন 7 Research Craft: Predictors, Backtests, Measurement, Portfoliosগবেষণা অনলাইন 8 Strategies I: Equities and Futuresকৌশল অনলাইন 9 Strategies II: Volatility, Relative Value, Macro and the Bank Desksকৌশল অনলাইন 10 Microstructure and Executionএক্সিকিউশন অনলাইন 11 Market Making and High-Frequency Tradingমার্কেট মেকিং অনলাইন 12 Machine Learning for Marketsমেশিন লার্নিং অনলাইন 13 Low-Latency Softwareপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 14 Networks, Hardware and Trading Infrastructureপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 15 Research, Data and Risk Platformsপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 16 The Desk and the Firmপ্রতিষ্ঠান অনলাইন 17 The Industry: Firms, Roles and Careersক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 18 Interviews I: Maths, Probability and Speedক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 19 Interviews II: Markets, Trading Games and the Final Roundক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 20 Interviews III: Codeক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন
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Physics · পরিভাষা

Charge density; current density কী?

Definition 10.1 University Physics — Year 2 · অধ্যায় 10 — Charges, Currents and Conduction

At the mesoscopic scale, matter carries a volume charge density ρ(M,t)\rho(M, t) (C/m3\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{m}^{3}): the charge ρ  ⁣dτ\rho\,\dd\tau in  ⁣dτ\dd\tau. A surface may carry a surface density σ\sigma (C/m2\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{m}^{2}), a wire a linear density λ\lambda (C/m\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{m}). If the carriers of species ii (charge qiq_i, number density nin_i) move at the mean velocity v→i\vect v_i, the current density is

j→=∑iniqi v→i(A/m2),\vect j = \sum_in_iq_i\,\vect v_i \qquad (\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{m}^{2}) ,

and the intensity through an oriented surface SS is the flux I=∬Sj→⋅n→  ⁣dSI = \iint_S\vect j\cdot\vect n\,\dd S: the charge crossing SS per unit time. For a single species, j→=ρmv→\vect j = \rho_m\vect v with ρm=nq\rho_m = nq the density of mobile charge.

Left: a tube of current — in a stationary regime the same intensity crosses every section. Right: an electron in a metal zigzags between collisions at about 106 m/s; the field adds a slow drift, opposite to E, of a fraction of a millimetre per second.
Left: a tube of current — in a stationary regime the same intensity crosses every section. Right: an electron in a metal zigzags between collisions at about 10610^6 m/s; the field adds a slow drift, opposite to E→\vect E, of a fraction of a millimetre per second.

উদাহরণ

Example 10.2 (How slowly electrons drift)

Copper has one conduction electron per atom: n=ρCuNA/M=8900×6.02×1023/0.0635=8.5×1028 m−3n = \rho_{\text{Cu}}N_A/M = 8900 \times 6.02 \times 10^{23}/0.0635 = 8.5 \times 10^{28}\,\mathrm{m}^{-3}. A current of 10 A10\,\mathrm{A} in a 1.5 mm21.5\,\mathrm{mm}^{2} wire is j=6.7×106 A/m2j = 6.7 \times 10^{6}\,\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{m}^{2}, and the drift velocity is v=j/ne=6.7×106/(8.5×1028×1.6×10−19)=0.5 mm/sv = j/ne = 6.7 \times 10^6/(8.5 \times 10^{28} \times 1.6 \times 10^{-19}) = 0.5\,\mathrm{mm}/\mathrm{s} — two hours per metre. The lamp lights at once because the field that pushes the electrons is set up along the whole wire within nanoseconds (it travels at nearly the speed of light, as the cable of Chapter 8 showed): all the electrons start together, like water in a full hose.

Example 10.3 (Orders of magnitude)

Lightning, 30 kA30\,\mathrm{kA} in a channel of 1 cm1\,\mathrm{cm} radius: j≈1×108 A/m2j \approx 1 \times 10^{8}\,\mathrm{A}/\mathrm{m}^{2}. A household wire: 10610^6–10710^7. An electron beam in a cathode-ray tube, 1 mA1\,\mathrm{mA} over 1 mm21\,\mathrm{mm}^{2}: 10310^3. A nerve fibre, 1 nA1\,\mathrm{nA} through 10 µm210\,\text{µ}\mathrm{m}^{2}: 10210^2. The beam of a particle accelerator, 1 A1\,\mathrm{A} in a 0.1 mm20.1\,\mathrm{mm}^{2} spot: 10710^7 — in vacuum, with no collisions at all.

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