Diabetes is a chronic excess of glycaemia: above fasting, or above two hours after a standard glucose load. Its early signs follow from the excess: glucose in the urine, which drags water with it (abundant urine, thirst), and weight loss when cells cannot use the glucose around them. Its late damage — to the small vessels of the eye and kidney, to nerves, to the arteries — comes from years of glucose reacting with proteins. Two diseases share the name.