Two operations and belong to the same class of symmetry operations if for some operation of the group: they are the same kind of operation, seen in a frame moved by . A subset of a group that is a group on its own is a subgroup; its order divides the order of the group.
Examples
Example 4.12 (Classes of )
In (), the three reflections form one class (a rotation carries each plane onto another), the two rotations and another, and is a class alone: three classes, written , , . In every operation is its own class: no operation turns one plane into the other.