CoachEvery term, defined
Chemistry glossary
852 terms from the books, quoted word for word, each linked to its chapter.
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A
- Absorbance
- Absorbance and the Beer–Lambert law
- Absorption band, fingerprint region
- Absorption spectrum
- Abundance
- Acid–base extraction
- Acid–base indicator, colour-change range
- Acidic, basic and neutral solutions
- Acidity constant
- Acidity constant, pKa
- Activated complex
- Activation energy
- Activity coefficient
- Acute and chronic toxicity
- Addition polymer, condensation polymer
- Adiabatic flame temperature
- Adiabatic temperature rise
- Adsorption
- Agostic interaction
- Air
- Air pollutants
- Air-sensitive compounds
- Alcohol, class of an alcohol
- Aldehyde, ketone
- Aldol reactions
- Alkali and alkaline-earth metals
- Alkalinity
- Alkane, alkyl group
- Alkoxide
- Allotropy
- Alloys
- Aluminothermic reduction
- Ambident nucleophile
- Amine, amide
- Amino acids
- Amount of substance and mole
- Amperometry, biosensor
- Amphiphilic molecule, micelle
- Ampholyte
- Amphoteric hydroxide
- Anharmonicity constant, fundamental, overtone, hot band
- Annulation
- Anode, cathode
- Anodic stripping voltammetry
- Anomers
- Anti- and syn-periplanar
- Arene
- Aromatic and Möbius transition states
- Aromaticity
- Artificial and synthetic materials
- Asymmetric catalysis
- Atom
- Atom economy 2 definitions
- Atomic number and mass number
- Atomic orbital, shell, subshell
- Atomic scattering factor, structure factor
- Atomic spectrometries
- Autocatalytic reaction
- Autoprotolysis, ionic product, pH
- Avogadro constant
- Azeotrope
B
- Baeyer–Villiger oxidation
- Bands
- Basis set, minimal basis, Slater- and Gaussian-type orbitals
- Batteries
- Beckmann rearrangement
- Binary diagram
- Bioaccumulation
- Biocatalysis
- Bioisostere
- Biomimetic synthesis
- Blue copper proteins
- Boltzmann distribution, population
- Bond dipole, dipole moment
- Bond dissociation enthalpy, mean bond enthalpy
- Bond energy
- Bond order
- Bonding and antibonding orbitals
- Bonding pairs and lone pairs
- Born–Oppenheimer approximation
- Boudouard equilibrium
- Brønsted acid and base, acid–base couple
- Brønsted acid and base, couple
- Bubble and dew curves
- Buffer solution 2 definitions
- Burning and combustion
C
- Calibration curve
- Calibration line
- Cannula transfer
- Canonical partition function
- Carbenes and carbene complexes
- Carbenoids
- Carbocation rearrangement
- Carbon footprint
- Carbon nanomaterials
- Carbon-13 NMR
- Carbonylation
- Carboxylic acid derivatives
- Carboxylic acid, ester
- Carbyne complex
- Carriers
- Cascade reaction
- Catalyst design
- Catalyst, catalysis
- Catalyst, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis
- Catalytic cycle
- Catalytic hydrogenation
- Cathodic protection
- Cell voltage
- Centre of inversion
- Centrifugal distortion constant
- Ceramic
- Ceramic method
- Chain branching, explosion limits
- Chain reaction, chain carrier
- Chalcogens
- Chapman mechanism, ozone layer
- Character of oxides
- Characteristic temperatures
- Characteristic test and reagent
- Charge control and orbital control
- Charge transfer
- Charge-transfer resistance, Tafel slope
- Charge-transfer transition
- Chauvin mechanism
- Chelate and macrocyclic effects
- Chelation therapy
- Chemical element
- Chemical equation
- Chemical families
- Chemical formula
- Chemical potential
- Chemical reaction
- Chemical shift, shielding, equivalent protons
- Chemical species
- Chemical system, initial and final states
- Chemical vapour deposition
- Chemoselective reaction 2 definitions
- Chichibabin reaction
- Chiral auxiliary
- Chiral pool
- Chiral, asymmetric carbon
- Chromatographic techniques
- Chromatography
- Chronoamperometry
- CIP rules, descriptors
- Claisen condensation
- Class of a carbon
- Class of symmetry operations, subgroup
- Classes of amines
- Close packing, FCC, HCP
- Coagulation and stabilisation
- Coalescence temperature
- Colligative property
- Collision cross-section, steric factor
- Colloid
- Colour centre
- Colour indicator, turning zone
- Common-ion effect
- Commutator
- Compactness
- Complementary colours
- Complete and incomplete combustion
- Complex, central atom, ligand
- Composition variables
- Concentration cell
- Concerted reaction
- Conductimetric titration
- Conductivity, molar ionic conductivity
- Confidence interval
- Conformation
- Conjugate-base mechanism
- Conjugated system, chromophore, absorption maximum
- Conrotatory and disrotatory
- Conservation of mass
- Constitution, configuration, conformation
- Contact angle, wetting
- Contrast agents
- Conversion
- Cooperative binding
- Cooperative magnetism
- Coordination number
- Coordination sphere
- Cope and Claisen rearrangements
- Copolymer
- Correlation diagram
- Corrosion and rust
- COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY
- Coulometry
- Covalent bond
- Covalent bond, Lewis structure
- Covalent crystal
- Covalent radius, ionic radius
- Cram representation
- Cross-coupling reactions
- Crystal field
- Crystal system, Bravais lattice, lattice centring
- Crystal-field stabilisation energy
- Crystal, amorphous solid, perfect crystal
- Curie constant
- Curly arrow
- Curly arrows
- Current–potential curve
- Cyclic voltammetry
- Cyclopropanation
D
- D and L
- d–d transition
- Decarboxylation
- Defined compound
- Degenerate levels
- Degree of dissociation
- Degree of unsaturation
- Dehydration of an alcohol
- Delocalisation energy
- Density of states and Fermi level
- Denticity
- DEPT
- Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model
- Diastereomers
- Diazonium chemistry
- Diels–Alder reaction
- Differential corrosion
- Diffusion and activation control, cage effect
- Diffusion layer and limiting current
- Dihydroxylation
- Dilution, stock solution, dilution factor
- Direct and indirect gaps
- Direct product
- Directing groups
- Disconnection and synthons
- Dispersion
- Disproportionation, comproportionation
- Dissociation
- Dissociative, associative and interchange mechanisms
- Dissolving and solution
- Distillation and hydrodistillation
- Distillation under reduced pressure
- Doping
- Dose–response
- Double and triple bonds
- Drying agent
- Duet and octet rules
E
- E-factor
- Economies and ideality
- Ecotoxicology
- Effective magnetic moment
- Eigen–Wilkins mechanism
- Elastomer
- Electrical double layer
- Electroactive species
- Electroactivity window
- Electrochemical cell
- Electrochemical cell, half-cell, salt bridge
- Electrode potential, standard potential
- Electrolysis
- Electrolysis, accumulator
- Electron affinity
- Electron configuration
- Electron correlation, correlation energy
- Electron count
- Electron density, density-functional theory
- Electron-deficient and hypervalent molecules
- Electron-donor and electron-acceptor sites
- Electronegativity 2 definitions
- Electrophilic activation
- Electrophilic addition
- Electrophilic aromatic substitution
- Elemental analysis
- Elementary step, molecularity, mechanism
- Ellingham approximation
- Ellingham diagram
- Enantiomeric excess
- Enantiomers, diastereomers, meso compound, racemic mixture
- Enantiomers, racemic mixture
- Endo and exo adducts
- Energy level, ground state, excited state
- Enolates
- Entatic state
- Enzyme
- Enzyme, active site, enzyme–substrate complex
- Epoxide
- Equilibrium constant
- Equilibrium isotope effect, fractionation factor, δ value
- Equilibrium oxygen pressure
- Equilibrium state
- Equilibrium state, quantitative reaction
- Equivalence, equivalent volume
- Equivalent protons
- Esterification
- Eutectic
- Eutrophication
- Evaporating
- Ewald sphere
- Exact mass
- Exchange current density, transfer coefficient, standard rate constant
- Exchange integral
- Excited-state lifetime, radiative lifetime
- Exergonic and endergonic
- Existence domain
- Exo and endo cyclisations
- Exothermic, endothermic
- Exothermic, endothermic, athermic
- Extent of reaction, progress table
- Extraction and liquid–liquid extraction
F
- FAIR data
- Families of pericyclic reactions
- Faradaic efficiency
- Faraday constant
- Faraday constant, capacity
- Fast and slow systems
- Felkin–Anh model and chelation control
- Ferroelectric
- Filtering and filtrate
- Final fractional extent, yield
- Fire triangle
- First-order reaction, rate constant
- Fischer indole synthesis
- Flash chromatography
- Fluorescence quencher, dynamic and static quenching
- Formal charge
- Formation and dissociation constants
- Fossil and renewable fuels
- Four kinds of formula
- Fractional coverage, monolayer
- Fractional distillation
- Fragments
- Free induction decay
- Freeze–pump–thaw degassing
- Friedel–Crafts reactions
- Frontier orbitals
- Fuel
- Fuel cell
- Functional group
- Functional-group interconversion
G
H
- Half-life 2 definitions
- Haloform reaction
- Halogenoalkane, alkene
- Halogens
- Halonium ion, anti and syn addition
- Hamiltonian operator
- Hantzsch pyridine synthesis
- Hapticity
- Hard and soft acids
- Hard and soft species
- Harmonic oscillator, force constant, reduced mass, zero-point energy
- Hartree–Fock method, Fock operator, self-consistent field
- Hazard and risk
- Heating under reflux
- Hemiacetal and acetal
- Hemiaminals, imines and enamines
- Hermitian operator, expectation value
- Heterocycles
- Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis
- Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
- Homolysis and heterolysis
- Hosts
- Hückel method
- Hybridisation
- Hydration of an alkene
- Hydride donor
- Hydrides
- Hydroboration
- Hydroformylation
- Hydrogen bond 2 definitions
- Hydrophilic–lipophilic balance
- Hydrophilic, hydrophobic
- Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphiphilic
- Hydrothermal synthesis
- Hyperconjugation
I
- Ideal mixture, ideal dilute solution
- Immunity, corrosion and passivation domains
- Improper rotation axis
- Indistinguishable particles, antisymmetric wavefunction
- Inductive effect
- Inert atmosphere
- Inert-pair effect
- Infrared spectrum, transmittance
- Inhibition
- Initial rate
- Insertion and β-hydride elimination
- Integration
- Integration curve
- Intensive and extensive variables
- Interhalogen compounds
- Interstitial sites
- Inversion temperature
- Inverted region
- Ion-selective electrode, selectivity coefficient
- Ion, cation, anion
- Ionic compound
- Ionic conductors
- Ionic crystal
- Ionic product of water
- Ionic strength
- Ionisation energies
- IR active, Raman active
- Iron–sulfur clusters
- Irreducible representation, character table, Mulliken symbol
- Irreversible change and chemical change
- Irving–Williams series
- Isocyanates, Curtius and Hofmann rearrangements
- Isolation method, apparent order
- Isolobal fragments
- Isomers of complexes
- Isomers, constitutional isomers
- Isosteric enthalpy of adsorption
- Isothermal titration calorimetry
- Isotope pattern
- Isotopes
J
K
L
- Labile and inert complexes
- Lactones and lactams
- Ladder operators
- Langmuir–Hinshelwood and Eley–Rideal mechanisms
- Larmor frequency
- Lattice enthalpy
- Lattice plane, Miller indices, interplanar spacing
- Lattice, motif, unit cell
- Levelling effect
- Lewis acid, Lewis base, dative bond
- Lewis structure
- Life-cycle assessment
- Ligand exchange
- Ligand field theory
- Ligand-field term
- Limiting reactant, maximum extent, total reaction
- Limits
- Lindemann mechanism, fall-off region
- Lipids
- Liquidus and solidus
- Living polymerisation
- Longitudinal and transverse relaxation times
- Luminescence, fluorescence, phosphorescence, Stokes shift
M
- Magnetic susceptibility
- Mannich reaction
- Mass concentration
- Mass spectrometry
- Material
- Matrix representation, character
- Maximum extent, limiting reactant
- Measurement uncertainty
- Mechanically interlocked molecules
- Mechanism, elementary step, intermediate
- Mesomeric effect, donor and acceptor groups
- Metal and non-metal
- Metal carbonyls
- Metal–organic frameworks
- Metal, non-metal, metalloid
- Metallic bond
- Metallocenes
- Metallodrugs
- Metalloproteins
- Micelle, critical micelle concentration, aggregation number
- Michael addition
- Michaelis constant, maximum rate, catalytic and specificity constants
- Microstate, statistical weight
- Migratory aptitude
- Mirror planes
- Miscibility gap
- Miscible and immiscible liquids
- Miscible liquids
- Mixed potential
- Mixing
- Mixture
- Modes of addition
- Modes of mass transport
- Molar absorption coefficient
- Molar concentration
- Molar energy of combustion
- Molar ionic conductivity
- Molar mass
- Molar volume
- Molar-mass averages
- Molecular and fragment ions
- Molecular crystal
- Molecular machines
- Molecular orbital
- Molecular partition function
- Molecular recognition
- Molecular solid
- Molecule
- Monosaccharides
- Morse potential
- Multiplet, n+1 rule
- Multiplicity of a cell
N
- Nanomaterials
- Natural and manufactured materials
- Natural and synthetic species
- Nephelauxetic effect
- Net magnetisation, rotating frame
- Nitrenes
- Nitrile
- Nitrogen fixation
- Nitrogen rule
- NMR spectrum, chemical shift
- Nodes
- Non-covalent interactions
- Non-stoichiometric compounds
- Non-total reaction, final extent ratio
- Normal mode
- Normalised deviation
- Norrish reactions
- Notebook and raw data
- Nuclear Overhauser effect
- Nuclear spin quantum number, gyromagnetic ratio
- Nucleophile, electrophile, leaving group
- Nucleophilic acyl substitution
- Nucleophilic addition
- Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
- Nucleophilic substitution, substrate
- Nucleotides
- Nucleus and electron
O
- Object
- Occupational exposure limit
- Ocean acidification
- Octanol–water partition coefficient
- Olefin metathesis
- Operator, eigenfunction, eigenvalue
- Optical activity, specific rotation
- Orbital correlation diagram
- Orbital energy and radius
- Organic compound
- Organocatalysis
- Organocuprates
- Organometallic compound, Grignard reagent
- Ortho and para hydrogen
- Orthogonal protection
- Oscillating reaction, limit cycle
- Ostwald ripening
- Outer- and inner-sphere electron transfer
- Overpotential
- Oxidant and reductant
- Oxidant, reductant, redox couple, half-equation
- Oxidation and reduction
- Oxidation level
- Oxidation number
- Oxidative addition and reductive elimination
- Oxidative cleavage
- Oxide glasses
- Oxoacid
- Oxonium ion, ampholyte
- Oxygen demand
- Oxygen-evolving complex
- Ozone depletion, reservoir species
P
- p–n junction
- P, Q and R branches, band origin
- Paal–Knorr synthesis
- Packing parameter
- Paper chromatography and chromatogram
- Paramagnetic and diamagnetic
- Partial molar quantity
- Particle in a box, free-electron model
- Partition coefficient
- Passivation
- Peptides
- Pericyclic reaction
- Period and group
- Period, group, block
- Periodic table
- Perovskite structure
- Peroxide formers
- Persistent organic pollutants
- pH
- pH paper and pH meter
- pH-metric titration, half-equivalence
- Phase problem, R factor
- Phosphonates and the HWE reaction
- Phosphonium ylides
- Photochemical smog
- Photoelectron spectroscopy
- Photoisomerisation, photostationary state
- Photolysis
- Photon flux, chemical actinometer
- Photoredox catalysis
- Photosensitisation, singlet oxygen
- Physical transformation
- Physisorption, chemisorption
- Pinacol rearrangement
- pL scale
- Plastic
- Plate number
- Point defects
- Point group, order of a point group
- Polar and non-polar molecules
- Polar bond, partial charge
- Polar, protic and aprotic solvents
- Polarisability
- Polarity inversion
- Polydentate ligand, chelate
- Polymer
- Polymer, monomer, polymerisation
- Polyprotic acid
- Pore sizes
- Porphyrins and haem
- Potential energy surface, stationary point, geometry optimisation
- Potential–pH diagram, working concentration
- Potentiometric titration
- Powder diffraction pattern
- Pre-equilibrium approximation
- Precipitate
- Predominance and distribution diagrams 2 definitions
- Predominant reaction, equivalent solution
- Process intensification
- Process mass intensity
- Prochiral faces
- Projection operator
- Proper rotation axis, principal axis
- Property of a material
- Protecting group 2 definitions
- Proton, neutron, nucleon
- Pure substance
- Pyridine N-oxide
- Pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy
Q
R
- Racah parameters
- Radial and angular parts
- Radial distribution
- Radiationless processes
- Radical clock
- Radiofrequency pulse, flip angle
- Radius ratio
- Raman and Rayleigh scattering
- Rate law, orders, rate constant
- Rate of disappearance, rate of appearance
- Rate of reaction, rates of formation and disappearance
- Rate-determining step
- Raw material and ore
- Reactants and products
- Reaction coordinate, energy profile, transition state
- Reaction entropy
- Reaction Gibbs energy
- Reaction mass efficiency
- Reaction quantity, reaction enthalpy
- Reaction quotient 2 definitions
- Reactive intermediates
- Reactor types
- Reciprocal lattice
- Recrystallisation 2 definitions
- Recycling
- Redox couple and half-equation
- Redox reaction
- Reducible representation, totally symmetric representation
- Reductive amination
- Reference electrode
- Regioselective and stereoselective reactions
- Relative permittivity
- Relaxation method, chemical relaxation time
- Renewable feedstocks
- Reorganisation energy
- Repeat unit, degree of polymerisation
- Representations
- Research integrity
- Residence time
- Residual entropy
- Resin identification code
- Resolutions
- Resonance structures, resonance hybrid
- Resource
- Response factor and internal standard
- Retention
- Retention factor 2 definitions
- Retrosynthetic analysis
- Reversibility
- Reversible change
- Rigid rotor, spherical harmonics
- Risk assessment
- Rotational constant, isotopologue
- Route architecture
- Russell–Saunders coupling
S
- Sabatier principle, volcano plot
- Saddle point, minimum energy path
- Saponification
- Saturated solution
- Schlenk line and glovebox
- Schoenflies symbol
- Screening, effective nuclear charge
- Screw axis, glide plane, space group
- Selective catalyst
- Selectivity
- Selectivity and resolution
- Self-assembly
- Semiconductors and insulators
- Semipermeable membrane, osmotic pressure
- Settling and decanting
- Sharpless epoxidation
- Shells, subshells and electron configuration
- Shift of an equilibrium
- Sieving
- Significance tests
- Single-pass conversion, recycle, purge
- Singlet and triplet carbenes
- Singlet and triplet states
- Slater determinant
- Slater’s rules
- SN1 mechanism, racemisation, solvolysis
- SN2 mechanism, Walden inversion
- Sol–gel process
- Solid solution
- Solubility 2 definitions
- Solubility product
- Solute, solvent, aqueous solution
- Solvation, hydration
- Solvation, ionising and dissociating power
- Sorption in soils
- Speciation
- Specific surface area
- Spectator ion
- Spectrochemical series
- Spectroscopic dissociation energy
- Spectroscopic term, spin multiplicity, term symbol
- Spin crossover
- Spin echo
- Spin states
- Spin-orbital
- Spin–orbit coupling, fine structure
- Spin–spin coupling, coupling constant, multiplet
- Split-valence, polarisation and diffuse functions
- Stability domain of water
- Standard addition
- Standard equilibrium constant
- Standard molar entropy
- Standard reaction quantity
- Standard reference state, standard enthalpy of formation
- Standard solution, calibration scale
- Standard state, activity
- State correlation diagram
- Statistical entropy
- Steady-state approximation
- Steam distillation
- Step and chain growth
- Steps of a chain polymerisation
- Stereogenic centre, chirality
- Stereoisomers
- Stereoselective reactions
- Stereospecific reaction
- Stoichiometric coefficient
- Stoichiometric mixture
- Stoichiometric numbers, extent
- Stopped flow, flash photolysis
- Strategic bond
- Strong and weak acids and bases 2 definitions
- Structure types
- Substitution, addition, elimination
- Sulfonate esters
- Suprafacial and antarafacial
- Supramolecular chemistry
- Surface excess concentration
- Surface plasmon resonance
- Surface tension
- Surfactant
- Symbol of an atom
- Symmetry number
- Symmetry operation, symmetry element
- Symmetry-adapted combination
- Synergic bonding
- Synthesis, crude product
- System, phase
- Systematic absence
T
- Tacticity
- Tanabe–Sugano diagram
- Tautomerism
- Temperature coefficient
- Template synthesis
- Terminal alkyne, acetylide
- The integrals of the LCAO method
- The literature
- The pH, precisely
- Thermal analysis
- Thermal desorption spectroscopy
- Thermal runaway
- Thermal transitions
- Thermal wavelength
- Thermodynamic efficiency of a fuel cell
- Thermoplastic and thermoset
- Thin-layer chromatography
- Three-electrode set-up
- Titration, equivalence
- Titration, titrant, titrated solution
- Tolman parameters
- Topicity
- Torsion angle and conformations
- Total synthesis
- Trans effect, trans influence
- Transesterification
- Transition dipole moment, oscillator strength
- Transition element
- Transition-state theory, transmission coefficient
- Transmetalation
- Tunnelling, transmission probability
- Two fragmentations
- Two-dimensional spectrum, cross peak, diagonal peak
- Tyndall effect
- Types of rotors