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Chemistry · Glossary

What is Point group, order of a point group?

Also known as: point group · order of a point group

Definition 4.9 University Chemistry — Year 3 · Chapter 4 — Symmetry and Point Groups

The group of all symmetry operations of a molecule is its point group, named because one point stays fixed. The number of its operations is the order of a point group, hh.

Examples

Example 4.10 (The group of water)

The four operations EE, C2C_2, σv(xz)\sigma_v(xz), σv′(yz)\sigma_v'(yz) of HX2O\ce{H2O} form a group of order 4. Its multiplication table (row operation performed after the column one) is

EEC2C_2σv(xz)\sigma_v(xz)σv′(yz)\sigma_v'(yz)
EEEEC2C_2σv(xz)\sigma_v(xz)σv′(yz)\sigma_v'(yz)
C2C_2C2C_2EEσv′(yz)\sigma_v'(yz)σv(xz)\sigma_v(xz)
σv(xz)\sigma_v(xz)σv(xz)\sigma_v(xz)σv′(yz)\sigma_v'(yz)EEC2C_2
σv′(yz)\sigma_v'(yz)σv′(yz)\sigma_v'(yz)σv(xz)\sigma_v(xz)C2C_2EE

For instance a point (x,y,z)(x, y, z) reflected in xzxz goes to (x,−y,z)(x, -y, z), then rotated by π\pi about zz to (−x,y,z)(-x, y, z): the same as one reflection in yzyz.

Example 4.19 (An achiral molecule without a plane)

Some molecules have neither a mirror plane nor a centre of inversion, yet are achiral because of an S4S_4 axis: the classic case is a spiro compound built from two identically substituted rings at right angles, of point group S4S_4. Chirality cannot be judged by looking for a plane alone.

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