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Biology · 术语表

什么是 Functional groups？

又称： functional group

Definition 8.12 University Biology — Year 1 · 第 8 章 — Water and Small Biomolecules

The organic molecules of the cell are carbon skeletons bearing a small set of functional groups that determine their chemistry:

group	formula	property	found in
hydroxyl	$-\mathrm{OH}$	polar, H-bonding	sugars, alcohols
carbonyl	$>\!\mathrm{C{=}O}$	polar, reactive	aldoses, ketoses
carboxyl	$-\mathrm{COOH}$	acid (p $K_a \approx 4$ )	fatty acids, amino acids
amino	$-\mathrm{NH_2}$	base (p $K_a \approx 9$ )	amino acids
phosphate	$-\mathrm{OPO_3^{2-}}$	charged, energy-rich links	nucleotides, ATP
sulfhydryl	$-\mathrm{SH}$	forms S–S bridges	cysteine
methyl	$-\mathrm{CH_3}$	non-polar	lipids, DNA marks

At the pH of the cell carboxyl groups are ionised ( $-\mathrm{COO^-}$ ) and amino groups protonated ( $-\mathrm{NH_3^+}$ ).

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