সব বই

পেশাদার

1 Markets I: The Ecosystem and Exchange-Traded Marketsবাজার অনলাইন 2 Markets II: Rates, FX and Creditবাজার অনলাইন 3 Markets III: Commodities, Energy and Cryptoবাজার অনলাইন 4 Quantitative Methodsপদ্ধতি অনলাইন 5 Derivatives and Volatilityডেরিভেটিভস অনলাইন 6 Rates, Credit, XVA and Riskসুদহার, ঋণ ও ঝুঁকি অনলাইন 7 Research Craft: Predictors, Backtests, Measurement, Portfoliosগবেষণা অনলাইন 8 Strategies I: Equities and Futuresকৌশল অনলাইন 9 Strategies II: Volatility, Relative Value, Macro and the Bank Desksকৌশল অনলাইন 10 Microstructure and Executionএক্সিকিউশন অনলাইন 11 Market Making and High-Frequency Tradingমার্কেট মেকিং অনলাইন 12 Machine Learning for Marketsমেশিন লার্নিং অনলাইন 13 Low-Latency Softwareপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 14 Networks, Hardware and Trading Infrastructureপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 15 Research, Data and Risk Platformsপ্রযুক্তি অনলাইন 16 The Desk and the Firmপ্রতিষ্ঠান অনলাইন 17 The Industry: Firms, Roles and Careersক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 18 Interviews I: Maths, Probability and Speedক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 19 Interviews II: Markets, Trading Games and the Final Roundক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন 20 Interviews III: Codeক্যারিয়ার অনলাইন
অ্যাপ পরিচিতি Coach সাইন ইন পড়া শুরু করো

বইগুলো এখনো বাংলা ভাষায় পাওয়া যায় না — ইংরেজি সংস্করণ দেখানো হচ্ছে।

Biology · পরিভাষা

C4 and CAM plants কী?

Definition 14.12 University Biology — Year 1 · অধ্যায় 14 — Photosynthesis and Autotrophy

C4 plants (maize, sugar cane, sorghum, many tropical grasses) seal the leak by concentrating CO2\mathrm{CO_2}: in the mesophyll cells an enzyme with no affinity for O2\mathrm{O_2} (PEP carboxylase) fixes bicarbonate into a four-carbon acid, which is shuttled into the bundle-sheath cells around the veins and decarboxylated there, raising the CO2\mathrm{CO_2} around RuBisCO tenfold and suppressing oxygenation — at a cost of two extra ATP per CO2\mathrm{CO_2}. The two cell types form the Kranz (“wreath”) anatomy. CAM plants (cacti, pineapple, agaves) separate the same two steps in time rather than space: they open their stomata at night, store CO2\mathrm{CO_2} as malic acid in the vacuole, and release it to RuBisCO by day behind closed stomata, losing a tenth of the water a C3 plant loses per carbon fixed.

Kranz anatomy in a maize leaf: each vein is wreathed by large bundle-sheath cells packed with chloroplasts, themselves ringed by mesophyll cells. CO_2 is captured in the outer ring and delivered, concentrated, to RuBisCO in the inner one.
Kranz anatomy in a maize leaf: each vein is wreathed by large bundle-sheath cells packed with chloroplasts, themselves ringed by mesophyll cells. CO2\mathrm{CO_2} is captured in the outer ring and delivered, concentrated, to RuBisCO in the inner one.

উদাহরণ

Example 14.13 (Which plant where)

At 20 ∘C20\,{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C} in moist air a C3 wheat leaf and a C4 maize leaf fix carbon at similar rates, and the maize pays two ATP more per carbon. At 35 ∘C35\,{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C} in dry air the wheat loses a third of its fixation to photorespiration while the maize loses none: C4 grasses dominate hot open country, C3 plants the cool and shaded. A cactus fixes slowly by either standard but survives where the others would die of thirst.

প্রসঙ্গসহ পড়ো →