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Matemática · পরিভাষা

Normas equivalentes কী?

Definição 5.3 Matemática universitária — Graduação 2 · অধ্যায় 5 — Espaços vetoriais normados

Duas normas N1,N2N_1, N_2 em EE são equivalentes quando existem constantes c,C>0c, C > 0 com

c N1≤N2≤C N1.c\,N_1 \leq N_2 \leq C\, N_1 .

Normas equivalentes têm os mesmos abertos, as mesmas sequências convergentes e de Cauchy, as mesmas partes compactas e completas: a mesma análise.

As bolas unitárias das três normas clássicas de ℝ2, encaixadas como ditam as desigualdades do : bola menor, norma maior. A redondeza importa: os lados retos do losango e do quadrado são exatamente as falhas de convexidade estrita exploradas no problema de fim de semana do  e no deste capítulo (questão 4).
As bolas unitárias das três normas clássicas de R2\R^2, encaixadas como ditam as desigualdades do Exemplo 5.5: bola menor, norma maior. A redondeza importa: os lados retos do losango e do quadrado são exatamente as falhas de convexidade estrita exploradas no problema de fim de semana do Capítulo 8 e no deste capítulo (questão 4).

উদাহরণ

Exemplo 5.4 (Não equivalência em dimensão infinita)

Em C([0, 1])C(\intcc{0}{1}): ∥f∥1≤∥f∥∞\norm f_1 \leq \norm f_\infty sempre, mas nenhuma cota recíproca vale: fn(x)=xnf_n(x) = x^n tem ∥fn∥∞=1\norm{f_n}_\infty = 1 e ∥fn∥1=1n+1→0\norm{f_n}_1 = \frac{1}{n+1} \to 0. Logo fn→0f_n \to 0 para ∥⋅∥1\norm\cdot_1 mas não para ∥⋅∥∞\norm\cdot_\infty: as duas normas discordam sobre a própria convergência.

Exemplo 5.5 (Constantes explícitas em dimensão nn)

Em KnK^n as três normas clássicas são equivalentes com constantes ótimas:

∥x∥∞≤∥x∥2≤∥x∥1≤n ∥x∥2≤n ∥x∥∞,\norm x_\infty \leq \norm x_2 \leq \norm x_1 \leq \sqrt n\,\norm x_2 \leq n\,\norm x_\infty ,

vindo a cota do meio ∥x∥1≤n∥x∥2\norm x_1 \leq \sqrt n\norm x_2 de Cauchy–Schwarz contra o vetor de uns. Vetores extremais: e1e_1 torna as duas primeiras desigualdades igualdades, e (1,1,…,1)(1, 1, \dots, 1) as duas últimas. A dimensão nn aparece visivelmente nas constantes — a semente quantitativa do fracasso em dimensão infinita: quando n→∞n \to \infty nenhuma constante uniforme sobrevive, que é exatamente o que o Exemplo 5.4 exibe em espaços de funções.

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