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Biology · 术语表

什么是 Chloroplast？

又称： thylakoid · stroma

Definition 30.1 High School Biology · 第 30 章 — Photosynthesis

The chloroplast is the organelle of photosynthesis: a lens-shaped body some $5\,\text{µ}\mathrm{m}$ long, bounded by a double membrane, containing a fluid, the stroma, in which lie stacks of flattened membrane sacs, the thylakoids. The thylakoid membranes hold the pigments — chlorophylls a and b, green, and orange carotenoids — and the proteins that convert light energy; the stroma holds the enzymes that build sugar. A leaf cell contains tens of chloroplasts, a square millimetre of leaf some half a million.

A chloroplast in the electron microscope: the double envelope, the stroma, and the thylakoid membranes stacked into grana, where the pigments sit. Light is captured in the membranes; sugar is built in the fluid around them.

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Definition 14.1 University Biology — Year 1 · 第 14 章 — Photosynthesis and Autotrophy

The chloroplast is a lens-shaped organelle $3\text{ to }10\,\text{µ}\mathrm{m}$ long bounded by two envelope membranes; its interior, the stroma, holds the enzymes of carbon fixation, starch grains, ribosomes and a circular DNA; within the stroma a third membrane system, the thylakoids, forms flattened sacs stacked into grana and connected by lamellae, enclosing one continuous thylakoid lumen. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane; carbon fixation in the stroma. A leaf cell holds $20\text{ to }100\,$ chloroplasts; a square millimetre of leaf, half a million.

A chloroplast cut open. Two envelope membranes around the stroma; inside, stacks of thylakoids (grana) connected by lamellae and enclosing a single lumen. Light is captured in the thylakoid membrane and sugar is made in the stroma.

示例

Example 14.7 (Cyclic and non-cyclic flow)

The linear path from water to NADPH gives, per $\mathrm{O_2}$ , two NADPH and about three ATP; the Calvin cycle needs a ratio of three ATP to two NADPH exactly, and other work of the chloroplast needs more ATP. When ATP runs short, electrons from ferredoxin return to plastoquinone instead of going to $\mathrm{NADP^+}$ (cyclic photophosphorylation): PSI alone, pumping protons and making ATP without oxygen or NADPH. The two modes are balanced to the demand.

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